Miners’ Circular 8 


DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

t|.S. bureau of mines 

f f 

JOSEPH A. HOLMES, Director 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS 


BY 


M. W. GLASGOW, W. A. RAUDENBUSH 
and C. O. ROBERTS 



» > 
% % ^ 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1914 

Collected $et 


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Fifth edition. AiiguM, 1914‘ 

Second edition {revised) dated Fehruarg, 191 
First edition issued in August, 191d. 
o 


D. CF D. 

ocr 7 1914 


CONTENTS. 


1 





. 

c 


Preface. 

Introduction. 

First-aid organization. 

Equipment. 

Equipment or material needed for practice 

Equipment for emergency first-aid use. 

Instructions to a first-aid man. 

Anatomy of the human body. 

The skeleton. 

Bones of the skeleton. 

The trunk. 

The extremities. 

Joints of the skeleton. 

Suggested topics for further study. 

The muscular system. 

Muscles. 

Tendons. 

Suggested topics for further study. 

The skin and its appendages. 

Suggested topics for further study. 

The vascular system. 

Uses of the blood. 

The heart. 

The arterial system. 

The venous system. 

The circulation of the blood. 

The respiratory system. 

The digestive system. 

Suggested to])ics for further study. 

The excretory system. 

Suggested topics for further study. 

The nervous system. 

Suggested topics for further study. 

Bacteria, sepsis, and antisepsis. 

Sepsis. 

Antisepsis. 

( 'ommon injuries and their treatment. 

Hemorrhage. 

Means of controlling hemorrhage. 

Shock. 

Treatment. 

('ontiisions. 

Treatment. 

Wounds. 

Treatment. 


Pape. 

7 

9 

9 

10 

10 

11 

11 

11 

13 

13 

14 

14 

15 
15 
15 

15 
10 

16 
17 
17 
17 
17 

17 

18 
18 
18 
18 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 

22 

oo 

oo 

^ mJ 

23 

23 

23 

23 

24 

25 
25 


25 


3 
















































4 


CONTENTS. 


Common injuries and their tn'alment- (’onlinued. 

Fractures. 

Treatment. 

Dislocations. 

Treatment. 

Sprains.. 

Treatment. 

Strains. 

Treatment.. 

Jhirns and scalds. 

Treatment.. 

Electric shock.. 

Treatment. 

Suffocation and asphyxiation. 

Treatment. 

Schafer method of artificial respiration. 

Silvester method of artificial respiration. 

Use of resuscitation devices. 

Bandages. 

The triangular bandage. 

Application of the o])en triangular bandage to the head- 

Application of the cravat bandage to the head. 

Eye dressings. 

Use of triangular bandage for the shoulder. 

Dressing the elbow. 

Dressing the arm. 

Hand dreasings. 

Bandaging the chest. 

Bandaging the groin. 

Bandaging the hip. 

Knee dressing. 

Circular dreasing of the arm or leg with the cravat bandage 

A])plying cravat bandage to the foot. 

A‘|)plying triangular bandage to the abdomen. 

Bandage for the body from neck to waist. 

The roller bandage. 

Bandage for the right side of the head. 

Bandage to cover the entire head. 

Bandage for left eye. 

Bandage for the shoulder. 

Bandage for the elbow. 

Bandage for the hand. 

Figure-8 bandage for the U])per arm. 

Spiral reverse bandage for the forearm. 

Bandage for the chest or back. 

Spica bandage for the groin. 

Spica bandage for the thumb. 

Spiral reverse bandage for the finger. 

Spiral bandage for the knee. 

Spiral bandage for the heel. 

Dressings. 

Wound dressings. 

Dressings for bums and scalds. 


I ‘aRp. 
2f) 
2t) 
20 
27 
27 
27 
27 
27 

27 

28 
28 
29 
29 
29 
29 
31 
31 

34 

35 

35 

36 

36 

37 

37 

38 
38 
40 

40 

41 
41 

41 
*41 

42 

43 

43 

44 

45 
45 
45 

45 

46 
■ 40 

40 

47 

47 

48 

48 

49 
49 
49 
49 
49 























































FIGUKES. 


5 


Dressings—Continued. 

Dressings for fractures. 

Dressing a compound fracture. 

Dressing for fracture of the arm... 

Dressing for fracture of the forearm. 

Dressing for fracture of the jaw. 

Dressing for fracture of the collar bone. 

Dressing for fracture of the thigh. 

Dressing for fractured rib. 

Dressing for broken back. 

Dressing for fracture of kneecap. 

('aution as to dressing all fractures. 

The application of a tourniquet. 

Transportation of the injured. 

Method of carrying a patient by one bearer. 

Method of carrying a patient by two bearers. 

Method of carrying a patient by three beanus. 

Method of carrying a patient by four bearers. 

Stretcher drill. 

Publications consulted. 

Publications on mine acc-idents and methods of mining 


Page. 

50 

50 

51 


52 

52 


53 

54 

55 
5() 


57 

57 

58 


59 

()0 

61 

61 

62 

65 

66 


FIGURES. 


Page. 


Figure 1. The human skeleton. ]2 

2. Side view of the spinal column. 13 

3. Median section of spinal column. 14 

4. The surface muscles of the body. 16 

5. The principal arteries and veins of the body. 19 

6. The relation of the principal arteries to the bones. 24 

7. Schaefer method of artificial respiration. Inspiration. 30 

8. Schaefer method of artificial respiration. Expiration. 30 

9. Silvester method of artificial respiration. Extending the arms. 32 

10. Silvester method of artificial respiration. Pressing the forearms 

against the chest. 33 

11. Reef knot, tightened and loosened. 35 

12. Open triangular bandage applied to the head. 35 

13. Cravat bandage applied to the head. 36 

14. Cravat bandage applied to the eye. First method. 36 

15. Cravat bandage applied to the eye. Second method. 37 

16. Open triangular bandage applied to the shoulder. First method... 38 

17. Open triangular bandage applied to the shoulder. Second method.. 39 

18. Open triangular bandage applied to the elbow. 40 

19. Open triangular bandage applied to the arm. 40 

20. Open triangular and cravat bandage applied to the hand. 41 

21. Cravat bandage a])])lied to the hand. 41 

22. 0})en triangular bandage applied to the chest. 42 

23. Open triangular bandage applied to the groin. 42 

24. Open triangular bandage applied to the abdomen. 43 

25. Four triangular bandages applied to cover the body entirely from 

neck to waist. 43 















































6 


FIGURES. 


Page. 

Figure 26, Starting roller bandage and making reverse turns. 44 

27. Holler bandage applied to right side of head. 44 

28. Roller bandage applied to elbow. 46 

29. Figure-8 bandage applied to upper arm. 46 

30. Spiral reversed bandage applied to forearm. 47 

31. Roller bandages applied to chest and back. Spica bandage applied 

to the groin. Spiral reverse bandage applied to thumb and to 
finger. 48 

32. Spiral bandage applied to heel. 49 

33. Application of compresses to wounds. 50 

34. Dressing for fracture of the arm. 51 

35. Dressings for fracture of forearm.1. 52 

36. Dressing for fracture of jaw. 53 

37. Dressing for fracture of collar bone. 53 

38. Dressing for fracture of thigh or leg. 54 

39. Dressing for fracture of one or more ribs. 55 

40. Dressing for broken back and method of carrying injured man. 56 

41. Dressing for fracture of kneecap. 57 

42. United States Army tourniquet applied to the arm. 58 

43. Improvised tourniquet applied to the thigh. 58 

44. Transportation of the injured. One-man method. 59 

45. Transportation of the injured. Two-man method. 60 

46. Transportation of the injured. Three-rnan method. 61 

47. Stretcher drill showing stretcher squad in line. 62 

48. Stretcher drill. “Carry stretcher ”. 63 

49. Stretcher drill. “ Prepare to load stretcher ”. 63 

50. Stretcher drill. “Lift patient ”. 64 

51. Stretcher drill. “Lift stretcher ”. 64 


I 




























PREFACE. 


This circular is intended to serve as a guide to miners in render¬ 
ing aid to injured fellow workmen. On the following pages only a 
])rief discussion of anatomy and physiology is presented, but after 
each general heading suggested topics are inserted for further study 
if desired. 

F"or a discussion of the treatment of contusions, wounds, fractures, 
dislocations, sprains and strains, and burns and scalds, the reader is 
referred to the chapters on bandaging and dressings. This plan was 
thought ])est for the reason that it brings all the practical first-aid 
work together in order, thus serving as a more convenient guide for 
first-aid organizations in doing practice work. 

Iir the chapters on bandaging and dressings the different bandages 
and dressings and their appheation have been described in more detail 
than will be found in anv first-aid textbook, a feature that the authors 
think desirable. The authors desire to express their appreciation 
to Lauson Stone, of the Bureau of Alines, for his interest in the pre])- 
aration of the photographs and illustrations, and to Dr. W. S. Roun¬ 
tree, surgeon of the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co., for his 
friendly counsel and criticism, and his corrections of the manuscript. 

M. W. Glasgow, M. 1). 


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FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


By M. W. Glasgow, W. A. Raudenbush, and C. O. Roberts. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Among the eflPective agencies employed in saving life and in 
minimizing suffering from accidents, first aid occupies an important 
and well-recognized place. Education of the miner in first aid was 
begun in 1899. In 1904 some of the companies in the Pennsylvania 
antliracite district distributed first-aid packets and instructed the 
miners how to use them. When the United States Bureau of Mines 
was established cars had been bought by the Government, equipped 
with material for instruction, and put in charge of trained mining 
engineers and first-aid miners; the coal fields of this country were 
divided into districts; a car and crew were assigned to each district 
and were moved about from point to point, where lectures and dem¬ 
onstrations were given. During the first 10 months of the work over 
100,000 miners attench'd lectures and received first-aid and mine- 
rescue training. To-day the bureau maintains eight cars and six 
rescue stations engaged in this work. 

The purpose of the authors of this circular has been not to write a 
textbook on first aid, but merely to outline methods of organization 
and a course of instruction similar to that given by representatives 
of the Bureau of Mines. It is their hope that the circular may prove 
suggestive and helpful, especially in those mining districts where, first 
aid has not been organized. In any mine the hour may come when 
the miner who is intelligently prepared can render aid to his fellow 
worker or to himself, and thus save human suffering and in some 
cases a limb or even a life. 

FIRST-AID ORGANIZATION. 

To make first aid a success and to render it most efficient, it is 
necessary to have the interest and cooperation of the mine operators, 
mine surgeon, mine superintendent, and foreman. The operators 
can be of great assistance by providing a convenient meeting room 
and fitting it out with first-aid equipment. The surgeon can aid by 
arranging lectures and acting as director and instructor of the asso¬ 
ciation. The superintendent and foreman can help by encouraging 
the men to attend the meetings and by attending and taking an 

active part themselves. • ^ . .,/ > 

55575°—14 - 2 • ^9 






10 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


'^riie })iir|)ose of n lii’st-aid organization should be to instruct Jind 
train men to assist those who may he injured or rendered helpless, to 
promote good fellowshi]) among its members, and bo enlist individual 
and ])ublic interest in the social betterment and public health of the 
town or community. 

The officei-s of the association should consist of a ])resident, vice 
president, secretary, treasurer, and medical director. The fimt four 
officers should be elected annually. Their duties are similar to those 
of like officers in other associations. 

The membership can be made up of active and associate members. 
The active members should b© dmded into squads or teams of six 
men, including one captain, one patient, and four stretcher bearers. 

The election or appointment of the captains of the different squads 
should be so arranged as to have them well distributed about dif¬ 
ferent sections of the mine. The associate membership should be 
made up of those of the community who are interested in lectures 
on ])ubfic health and social welfare and are willing to hel]) first-aid 
work but do not wish to take the practice drills. 

The following committees should be appointed: Executive com¬ 
mittee, membership committee, and social committee. Of course, it 
may be necessary at times to appoint other committees. The execu¬ 
tive committee should consist of the jiresident of the association, 
the mine surgeon, the mine superintendent, and the cajitains of the 
different squads. The membership and social committees should be 
appointed by the president. The executive committee should have 
charge of the management of the association and arrangements for 
contests and competitive drills among the different squads. The 
membership committee should encourage their friends and fellow 
workers to join the association. The social committee should 
arrange for entertainments held under the auspices of the association. 

EQUIPMENT. 

EQUIPMENT OR MATERIAL NEEDED FOR PRACTICE. 

Each squad should have the following: 

Equipment for practice drills. 

12 triangular bandages. 

12 medium size safety pins. 

6 packages of gauze (plain or picric). 

6 first-aid outfits. 

6 light wood or yucca splints inches wide by 18 inches long. 

12 roller bandages, assorted sizes. 

2 tourniquets. 

2 rolls of cotton, plain or absorbent. 

2 blankets (United States Army preferable). 

1 stretcher (United States Army regulation or, at a metal mine, basket or Stokes). 

G wooden splints for legs and back fractures (see ‘T^>acturo8,” p. 26). 

1 or 2 sets of first-aid charts. 


ANATCmV OF TFIE HUMAN BODY. 


11 


p:quipment for emergency first-aid use. 

Pirst-aid equipment should be kept in or about the mine for actual 
first-aid work. There are on the market some excellent first-aid 
cabinets, which contain all necessary equipment. The mine sur¬ 
geons of some companies prefer to put up their own cabinets. Each 
cabinet should contain sterile dressings, bandages, cotton, anil aro¬ 
matic spirits of ammonia. The cabinets should be so distributed as 
to be quickly accessible in case of an acciilent anywhere in or about 
the mine. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO A FIRST-AID MAN. 

Always carry at least one first-aid packet containing a triangular 
bandage and sterile compress, so as to be read}" to go at once when 
called, leaving word for some one to bring the first-aid cabinet, which 
should always be kept in a mine for emergencies. In ajiproach- 
ing an injured man do not get excited, but quickly and carefully 
examine him. Send some one immediately wdth a message for the 
mine physician, briefly describing the nature of the injury. If there is 
a flow of blood, stop it at once with pressure on the right spot. (See 
‘^Hemorrhage” p. 23.) Place the patient in as comfortable a position 
as ])ossible, watch him carefully, keep him warm, do not allow him to 
be overcome by shock. Allow no one near except those who are 
assisting. If the hemorrhage is severe and a tourniquet has to be 
used, as soon as the wound has been dressed (see “Dressings” pp. TO¬ 
SS) loosen the tourniquet; if the blood does not begin to flow again, 
leave the tourniquet loose, but watch it carefully until the doctor 
arrives. Remember that a word of good cheer is often as good as 
medical aid in cases of shock and faintness. Always try to cheer the 
injured and keep them hopeful. 

ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY. 

In order that first aid may be rendered intelligently and efficiently, 
it is necessary for those taking iq3 the work to know something about 
the anatomy and physiology of the human body. Only a mere out¬ 
line of the subjects can be given in this circular, because to give a full 
account would make the circular too big, but the reader will find 
suggested topics for different members of a corps to jirepare and pre¬ 
sent at a class for discussion from time to time. 

The human body is composed of solids and fluids. The fluids are 
the blood, lymph, chyle, and secretions of the glands and membranes; 
they make up the greater part of the total weight. The solids form 
the framework of the body and are called tissues. Some, as bony 
tissue, are arranged in hard solid masses which possess great firmness 
and strength; some are arranged as muscle tissue, nerve tissue, 
epithelial tissue (skin, etc.), each of which has its own peculiar 
properties. 


riKST-AII) INSTRUCTIONS TOR MINKRS. 


Orbit 


^Parietal 
^Tomporal 
.Superior maxillary 

'Inferior maxillary 



Figuke 1.— The human skeleton 


Metacarpu3 

























ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY. 


13 


THE SKELETON. 


First 
cervical 
or atlas'" 

Second 
cervical- 
or axis 


First dorsal- 


BONES OF THE SKELETON. 

Tho skeleton (fig. 1) is formed of bones, of which there are four 
varieties—long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. 
The long bones serve to sup])ort the weight 
of the trunk and act as levers for bodily 
movements. Short bones are ])laced in 
regions where strength and compactness are 
required rather than extensive motion. Flat 
bones serve to jirotect the parts they inclose, 
and provide broad surfaces for muscle attach¬ 
ment. Irregular bones, such as the vertebrae 
and the bones of the face, have the same 
structure as other bones, but on account of 
'their irregulai- shape are put in a class by 
themselves. 

For purposes of description the skeleton is 
divided into the head, trunk, and extremities. 

The head is composed of 22 bones, 8 of 
which are closely united together, forming 
the cranium, a solid case inclosing and pro¬ 
tecting the brain. Fourteen enter into the 
formation of the face. 

The trunk is -formed of the spine, thorax, 
and pelvis; it supports the head and connects 
the upper and lower extremities. The spine 
consists of 33 irregular bones, called vertebrae, 
joined together by ligaments to form a long 
flexible column which incloses and protects 
the spinal cord. (See figs. 2 and 3.) The 
thorax or dmst is formed by tlie 12 doi*sal 
vertebrae behind, the 12 ribs on either side', 
and the breastbone in front. All the ribs 
are fasteiunl behind to the spinal column oi- 
backbone. The seven upper ribs, known as 
true ribs, are attached behind to the doi-sal 
vertebrae and in front to the breastbone by 
means of intervening cartilage. The five 
lower ribs are called false ribs; the upper 
three are attached to the cartilage of the ribs 
above instead of the breastbone, the lower 
two have no attachment in front and are figure 2 .-side view of the spinal 

known as floating nbs. I he breastbone is 

flat, about 0 iiu'lies long, and forms the front wall of the chest. At 
the/ui)per end it is broad and has a depression on each side into which 


10 - 


11 - 


12 - 


First 

lumbar- 





14 


FIKST-AII) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


fit the ends of the collar bones; it tapers to a point below. The 
pelvis is a basin-shaped bony structure connectmg the lower extrem¬ 
ities with the spinal column. It is composed of four bones—the 
saccrum and coccyx behind and the two innominate or hip bones, 
one on either side, in front. 


THE TRUNK. 

The trunk is divided by a large muscle known as the diaphragm 
into two cavities, the thorax or chest cavity above and the abdominal 
cavity below. The thorax or chest cavity contains the lungs, heart, 
gullet (esophagus), windpipe, trachea, and large blood vessels. 



Foramen intervcrtebrale 

I 

I Ligamcntum llavum 

I > , . 

I I Eiganientuiii*inter»pinal<‘ 

I I I Processus spinosus 

Li^amenium 
^/supraspinale 


Liganicnturu longitudinalc jiosterius 


Nucleus pulposus 


Fibi’ocarlilago 

itiiervertebralis 


bigamontum 

longituilinale 

aute’rius 


Cut'ptis 

vertebrae 


I 

Ligaaientuui supraspinale 


Figure 3.—Median section of spinal column. 

The abdominal cavity contains nearly all of the digestive organs— 
liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, and large and small intestines, and 
also a part of the urinary system (kidneys, bladder, etc.). 


THE EXTREMITIES. 


Each upper extremity consists of 32 bones, as follows: Collar bone, 
1 shoulder blade, 1 arm bone, 2 forearm bones, 8 carpal or wrist 
bones, 5 hand or metacarpal bones, and 14 finger bones or phalanges. 
Each lower extremity consists of 30 bones—a femur or thigh bone, 2 
leg bones, 1 kneecap, 7 tarsal or ankle bones, 5 foot or metatarsal 
bones, and 14 too bones or phalanges. 


/ 




ANATOM V OF THE HtJMAN BODY. 


15 


JOINTS OP THfi; SKELETON. 

The points of union of the different f)ones form joints. Joints are 
composed of the following tissues: Bone, cartilage, ligaments, and 
synovial membranes. Cartilage is a smooth, elastic, and dense tissue 
of a pearly blue color and has neither nerves nor blood supply. It 
covers the ends of hones at joints. It allows motion with little fric¬ 
tion and also protects the ends of the bones from the effects of a 
sudden jar or shock. 

Ligaments are strong bands of fibrous tissue of a silvery white ap¬ 
pearance. They are flexible and allow free motion in the joints. 
They are also very tough and inelastic, and thus serve to hold the 
hones or joints firmly in place. 

The synovial memlirane is a thin layer of connective tissue lining 
tliat part of the internal part of the ligaments contained within the 
joint, hut not covering the articular surfaces (points of contact) of the 
bones. This membrane secretes a thick fluid that acts as a lubricant 
for the joints. 

Tliere are three varieties of joints—immovable joints, joints with 
limited motion, and freely movable joints. The freely movable 
joints are subdivided into gliding, ball and socket, hinge, and pivot 
joints. 

The reader should carefully feel of bones and joints on his own 
body; put his hand on a joint, and move the joint until he knows well 
its natural movement, so that he would be prepared to tell at once 
if an injured joint has suffered a dislocation. 


SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 

Ligaments; synovial membranes; cartilage; structure and pliysn^al properties of 
bone. 


THE MI'SCULAB SYSTEM. 


MUSCLES. 

Muscle tissue or the flesli forms a covering for the skeleton and gives 
to the body its contour or shape. (See fig. 4.“) Muscles are simply 
masses of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue supplied with 
blood vessels, bound together into bundles of different length, breadth, 
and thickness. There are two kinds of muscle, namely, voluntary 
and involuntary. 

Voluntary muscles may be connected to bones, cartilage, ligaments, 
or skin, either directly or by cords or tendons, and are made to con¬ 
tract and relax through the power of the will. 

Involuntary muscles are not attached to bones but are found 
in the arteries, veins, intestinal canal, and other internal organs. 
The involuntary muscles act independently of the will without our 
even being conscious of such action. 

a Figure I isa'lapted from iustruction chart of .\merican National Red Cross. 




16 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


^luscular fibers can shorten, lengthen, and thicken. When a 
muscle contracts, its two ends and consequently whatever may he 
attached to those two ends are brought nearer together; in this way 
a man can move and through his limbs can perform work. 



Figure 4.—Tlie surface muscles of the body. 
TENDONS. 


Tendons are strong fibrous cords of a white glistening appearance 
which serve to attach muscles to hones. They vary in thickness and 
length and may he round or flat; they are inelastic and are useless 
unless attached to a muscle. 

SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 


Tendons; connective tissue. 




























ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY. 


17 


THE SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES. 

The skill forms the outside covering of the body; it is the special 
organ for the sense of touch; it also acts as an excretory organ. It 
consists of two layers, an external (the epidermis) and a deep or true 
skin (the dermis). 

The appendages are the hair and nails. At the edges of the open¬ 
ings leading to or from the interior of the body, the skin ends and its 
place is taken by a soft reddish tisue, the mucous membrane, which 
forms a smooth, velvety lining for the interior of the respiratory, 
digestive, and urinary tracts. 

SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 

Mucous membrane; serous membrane; glands. 

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM. 

The blood of the body is a nutritive liquid; it is contained in a 
practically closed system of tubes, the blood vessels, vdthin which it 
is kept circulating by the action of the heart. The circulation of the 
blood through the blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, and veins is 
known as the vascular, or circulatory, system. 

USES OF THE BLOOD. 

« 

The uses of the blood are as follows: 

To be a medium for the reception and storing of matter from out¬ 
side, such as oxygen and digested food, and for conveying this to all 
parts of the body. 

To be a source whence the various tissues of the body may take the 
materials necessary for their nutrition and maintenance and whence 
the secreting organs may take the constituents of their secretions. 

To be a medium for the absorption of refuse matter for all the 
tissues and for the conveyance of such matter to those organs whose 
function it is to separate it and cast it out of the body. 

To warm and moisten all jiarts of the body. 

THE HEART. 

The heart, which acts like a pump for the circulatory system, 
keeps the blood distributed through all parts of the body in order that 
it may give nourishment to the tissues. It is a hollow, conical¬ 
shaped muscular organ about 5 inches long, lying in the chest cavity 
between the lungs with its base upward to the right and its apex 
downward to the left. It contains four chambers, two auricles and 
two ventricles, arranged iji pairs. The right auricle communicates 
with the right ventricle, and the left auricle with the left ventri¬ 
cle, but the chambers on the right side do not directly communicate 
with those on the left side. 

55575°—14 - 3 



18 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


THE ARTERIAL 8YSTEM. 


Tlio arterial system begins at the left ventricle in a single large 
trunk, the aorta. (See fig. 5.®) Three large arteries branch off from 
the aorta near the heart for the supply of the head, neck, arms, and 
hands. The aorta traverses the thorax and abdomen, giving off other 
branches, large and small, for the supply of the various organs and 
tissues that it passes on its way. In the abdomen the aorta divides 
into two main branche.s for the supply of the legs and feet. The 
larger branches, wherever given off, divide and subdivide into 
branches of very minute diameter. These minute branches pass into 
capillaries. Capillaries are a network of fine vessels that transmit 
the blood from the minute branches of the arteries to the minute 


veins. 


THE VENOUS SYSTEM. 


The venous system begins in small vessels that are slightly larger 
than the capillaries from which they spring. These vessels unite 
into larger and larger veins until they terminate in the two venae 
cavae (large veins) which empty into the right side of the heart. 

The arteries and veins are continuous with each other by means of 
the heart and by means of this fine network of small vessels and capil¬ 
laries. 

THE CIRCULATION OF THE RLOOI). 


From the right side of the heart the blood passes through the pul¬ 
monary artery to the lungs, then thro ugh the small arteries and capil¬ 
laries and veins in the lungs, and thence through the large veins leading 
to the left side of the heart. Hence there are two circulations through 
which the l)lo.od must pass, the one and shorter circuit from the right 
side of the heart to the lungs and back again to the left side of the 
heart, the other and larger circuit from the left side of the heart to all 
parts of the body and back again to the right side of the heart. In 
the arteries the* blood has a bright or scarlet red color and is circu¬ 
lating away from the heart. Therefore bleeding from an artery may 
be known by the bright red blood that flows, usually in gushes, with 
each beat of the heart. The blood in the capillaries is also bright 
red in color but in case of bleeding from these small vessels the blood 
oozes slowly from the wound. The blood in the veins is dark red or 
blue in color and is circidating back to the heart. Bleeding from a 
vein may be known by a continuous flow of dark-red or blue blood. 


THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 

The essential part of respiration (breathing) is the exchange oi the 
carbonic-acid gas in the blood for the oxygen in the air, which takes 
place in the lungs. The respiratory apparatus consists of the nose, 
pharynx, trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs. 


<? Figure 5 is adapted from instruction chart of American National Red Cross. 



ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY. 


19 



- Femoral 


Popliteal 


Brachial 


Aorta 


Anterior tibial 

Posterior 

tibial 

Dorsalis pedis 


Temporal 

External 

carotid 

Common 

carotid 

Subclavian 

Aorta 


Axillary 


[Common iliac 


External iliac 


Radial 

Ulnar 


Internal iliac 


Palmar arch 


Facial ~ 


Innominate 


Heart 


Figure 5.—The principal arteries and veins of the body. 

























20 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


noso is not only an organ of respiration, but also of the sense 
of smell, nirough the nose the air is warmed and moistened; the 
olfactory nerve (nerve of smell) protects tlie lungs to some extent from 
the inhalation of harmful gases. Never breathe tlirough the mouth. 

'^Tlie pharymx, which is also a part of the alhnentary tract, is a 
conical sac formmg the throat or ba(*k part of the mouth. It is 
composed of muscles and membranes. It is about 41 inches long 
and is lined with mucous membrane, which is continuous with that of 
the nose and mouth. 

Extending from the lower part of the pharynx are the openings of 
the esophagus (gullet) and the larynx (voice box), the former lymg 
behind, the latter in front. The larynx forms a part of the respira¬ 
tory apparatus, but has also a more special function of behig the 
principal organ of speech. 

The trachea or windpipe is a cylindrical tube about 4^ inches long 
extending from the larvnx down the front of the neck into the 
thorax, where it divides into the bronchial tubes. 

The bronchial tubes divide into a great number of small branches, 
which in turn divide into still smaller branches and finally terminate 
in numberless small dilated cavities or pouches, Imown as the air cells. 
These air cells in turn form lobules, which together make up lobes 
that form the lungs. 


The lungs are two large, slate-colored, cone-shaped, membrances 
sacs, composed of a soft, spongy, and very elastic tissue, '^flie interior 
of the sacs communicates freely with the outside air through the 
bronchial tubes, trachea, etc., whereas the outside of the sacs is pro¬ 
tected from atmospheric pressure by the walls of the chest. Tlie 
atmospheric pressure on the inside of the lungs expands them until 
they hll the entire thoracic cavity. If the wall of the thorax is opened 
so as to make communication with the outside air, or if the wall of the 
lung is pierced so that the air can communicate with the pulmonary 
cavity, then at once the lung shrmks or collapses, because the pressure 
is e({ualized in the outside and inside of the sacs. The lung substance 
is composed chiefly of air cells. The walls of the air cells consist of 
very thin layers of lining cells surrounded by wide, thin-walled 
blood vessels. By this arrangement only a very dehcate membrane 
is interposed between the air on the one side and the blood on the 
other, so that gases are readily exchanged between the two. The 
venous blood from the system is brought to the capillaries of the 
lungs. The air cells receive the carbonic-acid gas and waste matter 
with which the blood is laden. A new supply of oxygen is taken up 
by the red blood (‘ells. In this manner the change from venous to 
arterial blood is effected in the Imigs. 

Respiration or breathhig is an hivoluntary act and occurs in health 
16 to 20 times per minute. It is the method by which oxygen is 
taken into the body and carbonic-acid gas is expelled. If the body 


Anatomy of Tiie human body. 


21 


is to proporly perforin its function and life to continue, oxygen must 
be constantly supplied. Continued breathing of stuffy or stale air 
impairs the vitality and renders one liable to disease. Air low in 
oxygen or containing much carbon dioxide is unfit for breathing. 
The prolonged breathing of such air will produce a condition of 
asphyxia and finally death. To insure good health, it is estimated 
that a person requires at least 1,000 cubic feet of air space, and the 
air breathed should be frequently renewed through proper ventilation. 

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

Tile digestive or alimentary apparatus consists primarily of a long 
tube composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and 
intestines, with the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas as accessory 
organs. This canal is about 30 feet long and varies in diameter. 
It extends from the mouth to the anus. Its functions are, first, to 
separate the nutritive material from the food and expel the residue 
from the body; and, second, to convert the nutritive matter into such 
form that it can be easily absorbed into the blood and be utilized by 
the tissues as food. 

To get a clear understanding of how this is accomplished a knowl¬ 
edge of the separate parts forming the digestive apparatus is neces¬ 
sary. The question of food, its preparation, digestion, and assimi¬ 
lation, is such a vital one and so affects health and efficiency that a 
thorough knowledge by first-aid men of the anatomy and physiology 
of the digestive system seems e.ssential. 

SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 

The mouth, teeth, tongue, and salivary glands, the part they play in digestion; 
the stomach as a digestive organ; the small intestines; the large intestines; the liver, 
its jiart in digestion; the ]mncreas, its part in digestion; foods, their relative values. 

TIIE EXCIIETORY SYSTEM. 

Excretion is the process of removing all waste of the tissues from 
the body. Those waste products are carbonic-acid gas, salts, urea, 
and water. They are continually brought into the blood by the cir¬ 
culation through the capillaries. Life and health depend upon the 
blood ridding itself of these poisonous products through the lungs, 
skin, and kidneys. 

SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 

Tlie lungs as an excretory organ; the skin as an excretory organ; the kidneys as an 
excretory organ. 

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

The different systems of the body are kept in touch with each other 
by the nervous system and the functions and workings of the organs 
are controlled and regulated by it. The elements comprising the 


FIRST-AID lKl:^tRtJCTIONS FOR MINERS. 



nervous system are nerve cells or centers, and nerves. The nerves 
are round cords consisting of nerve fibers which form connections 
between the centers and ends of the nerves. The fibers can transmit 
nervous iinjiressions and are of two kinds, according to the function 
they ])erfoi’m. Those that convey impressions from their tips to their 
centei's are sensory nerves; those that transmit impressions from these 
centers to the jiarts with which they are connected are called motor 
nerves. The nerve centers are bunches of nerve cells and are dis¬ 
tributed in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia. They receive and 
send out nervous impressions. 

The nervous system is divided into the cerebrospinal and sympa¬ 
thetic systems; the former is composed of large nerve centers in the 
brain and spinal cord, the latter is a series of small centers termed 
ganglia running along on either side of the sj)ine. The nervous 
system is too complex to be discussed in detail here. 

SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 

The cerebrospinal system; the brain; the cerebrum; the cerebellum; the pons 
varoli; the medulla oblongata.; the spinal cord; the cerebrospinal nerves: the cranial 
nerves and special senses; the spinal nerves; the sympathetic system. 

BACTERIA, SEPSIS, AND ANTISEPSIS. 

Bacteria, also called germs, organisms, microorganisms, and fungi, 
consist of minute vegetable cells. They exist in the air, in the water, 
in the ground, and upon the body and clothing. There are many 
varieties, and each requires proper food, temperature, and soil for 
propagation. Having found a suitable soil or breeding place in the 
tissues of the body, they multiply very rapidly, and as they grow 
certain kinds may give off poisonous substances, termed toxins. 
The toxins may act simply as irritants or may destroy all the tissue 
with whicli they come in contact, the effect depending on how 
j)oisonous the bacteria are and on the resistance of the tissue. In 
some cases harmful bacteria may gain entrance or access to the gen¬ 
eral circulation and be spread broadcast through the body, exerting 
their ])oisonous influence upon every organ of the body with which 
they come in touch, producing septicemia or blood poisoning. 

Bacteria most usually gain entrance to the body through wounds 
or abrasions, through the respiratory system, or through the digestive 
system. 

SEPSIS. 

Sepsis is a condition caused by the entrance of certain bacteria 
into a wound, whereby inflammation, with more or less severe dis¬ 
turbance of the general system, is produced. When harmful bacteria 
get into a wound, poisonous materials are produced that destroy the 
tissue cells, form pus or matter, and jirevent healing. 



CoMMOi^ A^?t> TO£lR 


23 


in order to prevent sepsis, observe the following rules: 

Prevent germs from entering the wound by keeping all unclean 
things from coming in contact with it. 

Destroy or prevent the growth of germs which may have gotten 
into the wound at the time of the injury. (See ‘‘Dressings,” pp. 49-58.) 

ANTISEPSIS. 

Antisepsis is a method of treating wounds by disinfection. The 
disinfectant or germicide is an agent that is fatal to bacteria and 
their spores or eggs. The destruction of germs of disease in clothing, 
in excreta, in wounds, etc., is known as disinfection. Disinfection of 
a wound, dressings, or instruments is called sterilization. The appli¬ 
cation of the principles of antisepsis has done more than anything else 
to revolutionize the treatment of wounds and to prevent sepsis or 
blood poisoning, which is so much dreaded by the surgeon. 

COMMON INJURIES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 

HEMORKIIAGE. 

Hemorrhage is loss of blood. It is caused usually by an injury or 
by a diseased condition of the blood vessels. The danger from hem¬ 
orrhage depends upon the amount of blood lost and the rapidity with 
which it escapes. The loss of one-third of the blood in the body 
usually results fatally. 

There are three kinds of hemorrhage, namely, arterial, capillary, 
and venous. Arterial hemorrhage is most dangerous and most diffi¬ 
cult to control. 

MEANS OF CONTROLLING HEMORRHAGE. 

Hemorrhage may be controlled by pressure, position, heat or 
cold, torsion, or ligation or tying of the blood vessel. 

The only methods which can usually be employed by the first-aid 
man are compression and position. Compression is more important 
and should be applied by the fingers, compresses, tourniquets, or 
constricting bands—such as a handkerchief, belt strap, suspend¬ 
ers, etc. (See fig. 6.) 

In arterial hemorrhage the blood gushes forth in a bright red 
stream. The pressure must be made between the wound and the 
heart. In capillary hemorrhage, the blood oozes away slowly and is 
bright red. The bleeding is easily controlled by applying a clean com¬ 
press of gauze directly to the injury. In venous hemorrhage, the blood 
is dark red or blue, and discharges in a steady stream. The com¬ 
pression should be made on the side of the wound away from the 
heart. Usually the bleeding can be controlled by applying a large 
compress of sterile gauze directly over the bleeding place. 


24 


FIHST-Ain INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


F^lcvation of tlie bleeding ])arts always aids in controlling the flow 
of the blood. As soon as the bleeding has been sto})])ed by some 
one of the methods suggested the j)atient should be treated for shock. 



Figure 6,—The relation of the principal arteries to the bones, showing the points where 
pressure may best be applied to stop bleeding. 

SHOCK. 

Shock is a sudden depression of the vital ])owers arising from an 
injury or a profound emotion acting on the nerve centers and in¬ 
ducing exhaustion. The symptoms are subnormal temperature; 

















COMMON INJURIES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 


25 


an irregular, weak, and rapid pulse; a cold, clammy, pale, and pro¬ 
fusely perspiring skin; irregular breathing; the person affected 
usually remains conscious and will answer when spoken to, but is 
stupid and indifferent and lies with partly closed lids. Always be 
sure that there is no concealed hemorrhage. The symptoms of 
concealed hemorrhage are ])ractically the same as outlined above. 

TREATMENT. 

Lower the patient’s head, wrap him in hot blankets, and surround 
him with heat-giving objects such as at a coal mine. Give an ordi¬ 
nary stimulant, as black coffee, to be sipped as hot as it can be borne; 
half-teaspoonful doses of aromatic spirits of ammonia may be given 
every 20 or CO minutes. Small doses of whisky or brandy may be 
given, provided there is no hemorrhage. One or two teaspoonfuls 
every 15 or 20 minutes will help to tide the patient over until the 
doctor comes. Inhalation of oxygen is often of much service; 
artificial respiration may be necessary in some cases. Hot applica¬ 
tions over the heart and spine should be used if ])racticable. Always 
hurry up the doctor. 

CONTUSIONS. 

A contusion or bruise is an injury due to the application of blunt 
force, the skin above being unbroken. Blood collects in the tissue 
under the skin over the bruised area. In many deep contusions the 
skin is not damaged, but over bone the skin is apt to be injured. 
If a large blood vessel is ruptured, much blood gathers in the tissues 
under the skin and causes great swelling and discoloration. 

The symptoms are: Tenderness, swelling, and numbness, followed 
by aching pain. Discoloration usually occurs c[uickly, especially in 
surface contusions; it may not occur in deep ones. 

TREATMENT. 

Elevate the injured part and bandage it tightly to arrest the 
bleeding and control the swelling. Apply an ice bag or towels 
wrung out of ice water. In the case of the aged or weak, make hot 
a])])lications instead of cold. 

WOUNDS. 

A wound is a break or a division of the tissues produced usually 
by a sudden force. Wounds are divided into the following classes: 
Incised, made by some shar]) cutting instrument; contused, 
caused by a blunt or flat or rough instrument: lacerated, caused 
by tearing or dragging forces, such as teeth and claws of animals or 
})uncturcs made by a pointed instrument. 

The symptoms are: Pain, bleeding, and gaping or retracted edges. 

TREATMENT. 

First arrest the bleeding by some one of the methods described 
above, and put on a sterile dressing to ])rotect the Avound against 

55575°—M-4 



26 


P’lKST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


bacteria or ^erms. (See '‘Dressings.”) If the wound is very severe 
there is often shock, and that should bo treated as descril)ed a])ove. 
(See ‘'Shock.’’) 

FRACTURES. 

A fracture is a break in a bone caused by direct or indirect violence. 
Fractures are the most important class of injuries with wliich we 
have to deal, not only because they render the victim a cripple for 
the time being, but because the further usefulness of the limb de¬ 
pends upon the recognition of the trouble and its proper immediate 
treatment. Frequently ignorance or carelessness in handhng a frac¬ 
ture in the beginning renders the sufferer an invahd or cripple through¬ 
out Ins hfe. 

From the standpoint of the first-aid man the following kinds of 
fracture only need be studied: Incomplete, complete, simple, and 
compound. In an incomplete fracture the bone is not entirely 
broken. It occurs most frequently in the young and is often spoken 
of as a green-stick fracture. In a complete fracture the bone is 
broken completely in two. In a simple fracture the broken bone 
does not protrude through the flesh; that is, the flesh around the 
fracture is not injured. In a compound fracture citlier one of the 
broken ends protrudes through the flesh or else the force that caused 
the fracture cuts or tears the flesh down to the bone. A compound 
fracture is nearly always accompanied by a loss of blood and a more 
or less severe shock. 

''File symptoms are: Pain, swelling, discoloration, abnormal mo¬ 
tion, loss of power, and crepitus or grating of the bone ends together. 

TREATMENT. 

In examining the fracture, great gentleness in handling the part 
should be exercised. The hmb should be handled as little as possi¬ 
ble. If the nature of an injury is in doubt, it should be treated as a 
fracture until the doctor arrives. Never allow a pei-son suffering 
from a broken limb to be moved until the part is properly supported 
by spUnts. To treat a fracture, draw the fractured limb into a 
natural position and fix it there by the application of splints. (See 
“ Dressings.”) 

DISLOCATIONS. 

A dislocation is a com[)lete separation or displacement of the sur¬ 
faces of a joint, caused usually by direct violence, but may some¬ 
times be produced by indirect violence or sudden muscular contrac¬ 
tion. Dislocations are always painful, because they are accompanied 
by wrenching and tearing of the ligaments about the joint and are 
sometimes complicated by a rujiture of the muscles and by injuries 
to surrounding vessels and nerves. 


COMMON INJURIES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 


27 


Dislocations arc classed as simple, compound, and complicated. 
In a simple dislocation the articular ends are separated without injury 
to the surrounding tissues. In a compound dislocation the ligaments 
around the joint are torn. In a complicated dislocation the muscles, 
vessels, and nerves are injured. 

The symptoms are: Pain, swelling, discoloration, rigidity; the nat¬ 
ural position of the limb is changed; the length is altered. 

TREATMENT. 

Restore the bone to normal position and hold it in place. To 
properly reduce the dislocation, some surgical skill and knowledge of 
the anatomy of joints are required. First-aid men should never try 
to reduce any dislocations except those of the jaw and fingers. 


SPRAINS. 

A sprain is a twisting or wrenching of a joint, producing a tearing 
of the ligaments and sometimes of the surrounding soft parts. It is 
followed by severe pain and marked swelling and discoloration. 
Sprains are important injuries and should be properly treated imme¬ 
diately, as sometimes permanent disability may follow failure to give 
them proper care. They are very often more serious than a fracture. 

TREATMENT. 

Let the injured person rest; elevate the injured part and fix it in 
place either with splints or by wrapping the joint tightly Avith a roller 
bandage or with adhesive plaster, (rive hot or cold applications 
by ])lacing the injured part in hot or cold water or by the application 
of towels Avrung out of ice Avater or hot Avater. 

STRAINS. 

A strain is the Avrenchhig or tearing of a muscle or tendon and is 
usually caused by violent exertion or sudden unexpected moAxnnents. 
A strain generally occurs in the muscles or tendons of the arms or 
legs. The symptom is sudden, sharp, excruciating pain. 

TREATMENT. 

Let the injured person rest; bandage the injured part tightly or 
apply adhesive plaster. It is sometimes necessary to prevent move¬ 
ment of the part by splinting. 

BURNS AND SCALDS. 

Burns are caused by exposure of the body to dry heat, such as the 
heat of fire or electricity, or explosions of gas and jioAvder, Avhereas 
scalds are produced by moist heat, as the heat of boiling Avater or 
steam. The danger from a burn depends on its depth and extent, 
and also on the age and general condition of the ])erson injured. 


28 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOir MINERS. 


Burns are divided into three classes according to depth. A first- 
degree burn is sim])ly a scorching or reddening of the outer surface 
of the epidermis (skin). A second-degree burn involves and de¬ 
stroys the entire thickness of the skin. A third-degree burn destroys 
not only the skin but also the tissue beneath, sometimes entirely to 
the bone. 

The symptoms in a firet-degree burn are: Severe burning pain, 
reddening of the skin, formation of blisters; in a second-degree burn, 
destruction of the skin; in a third-degree burn, destruction of the 
skin and some of the tissue beneath. In severe burns shock is 
present. 

TREATMENT. 

Carefully remove the clothing from the burned surface and exclude 
the air as quickly as possible (see ‘‘Dressing of burns’0? R-iid treat 
for shock (see “Shock’’). 

EEECTRIC SHOCK. 

Accidents from electricitv are common about mines. The ordi- 

A/ 

nary trolley wire in mines carries 500 volts, incandescent and arc 
light currents carry 2,500 to 3,000 volts. Contact with a live wire 
and the passage of these powerful currents through the body cause 
dangerous shocks, burns, and even death. Trolley wires should be 
protected and other live wires throughout the mines should be care¬ 
fully insulated. ^len working about electric machinery should avoid 
t(Hiching electric wires. 

The symptoms of electric shock are: Sudden loss of consciousness: 
absence of respiration, or if present, very light and may not be ob¬ 
servable; very weak pulse; and burns at point of contact. Always 
rescue a sufferer as quickly as possible, being careful not to get in 
contact with the live wire. Lose no time in looking for a svdtch for 
turning off the current; if there is one near at hand open at once. 
If there is a drill, mine auger, or any piece of wire at hand throw it 
across the trolley vire and rail at once. By so doing the circuit breaker 
in the power house vill be thrown out and the current cut off. Such 
action may cause injury to the other working ])arts of the mine, 
but when a human life is at stake all tlie wires should he cut if 
necessary. Life should come first and the mine afterwards. If no 
vnre or drill long enough to reach from the wire to the rail is at hand, 
you may proceed to remove the victim from the current, but first 
get a dry board, ])iece of wood, or paper and put it under your feet, 
and ])rotect the hand you use with your cap, coat, or any dry non¬ 
conducting material, so as not to make a circuit. If possible use one 
hand only, placing the other behind you. If you do use both hands 
to remove the man from the ground, make sure that both your hands 
and your feet are well insulated so that you wdll not be caught in the 
same contact as your patient. 


COMMON INJURIES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 


29 


Another way is to take your belt oi’ handkerchief or a piece of rope 
and loop it over the patient’s feet if he is lying on the wire, and thus 
pull him off. If an ax is near at hand use it to cut the ware, but first 
make sure that the handle is dry or wrap it with a coat or cloth. 

TREATMENT. 

After the patient has been fiTed from the wdre, do not stop to 
loosen lus clothing, but begin giving artificial respiration at once. 

SUFFOCATION AND ASPIIYXIATIOX. 

Suffocation or asphyxiation may bo caused either by something 
that blocks the windpipe and prevents air from entering the lungs 
or by the inhalation of gas that acts as a poison itself or prevents 
the air from entering the lungs. In mines suffocation and asphyxia¬ 
tion are most commonly caused by breathing smoko, carbon dioxide, 
carbon-monoxide gas, and atmospheres deficient in oxygen. 

TREATMENT. 

Quickly get the patient to fresh air; do not stop to loosen his 
clothing, but give artificial respiration at once. 

There are several methods of performing artificial respiration. The 
two most effective metliods, namely, the Schaefer method and the 
Silvester method, are described below. The follovdng description of 
the method of teaching and appl\dng the Schaefer method was pre¬ 
pared by the commission on resuscitation from electric shock, repre¬ 
senting the American Medical Association, the National Electric 
Light Association, and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 
The commission recommended the Schaefer over all other methods. 

SCHAEFER METHOD OP ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION. 

Remove the victim to fresh air as quickly as possible. Rapidly 
feel vdth the finger in his mouth and throat and remove any foreign 
body (tobacco, false teeth, etc.); then begin artificial respiration at 
once. Proceed as follows: 

Lay the subject on his belly vdth arms extended as straight for¬ 
ward as possible and with face to one side so that his nose and mouth 
are free for breathing (fig. 7). Let an assistant draw forward the 
subject’s tongue. 

Kneel sti-addling the subject’s thighs and facing his head; rest the 
palms of your hands on his loins (on the muscles of the small of the 
hack), with the fingers spread over the lowest ribs (fig. 7). 

With arms held straight, fingers forward, slowly swing forward so 
that the weight of your body is gradually and without violence 
brought to bear upon the subject (fig. 8). This act should take two 


30 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


to throe seconds. Then immediately swing l)ackward so as to re¬ 
move the pressure, returning to the position shown in figure 7. Ke- 
])eat regularly 12 to 15 times per minute the swinging forward and 
backward, completing a respiration in four or five seconds. 



Figure 7.— Schaefer method of artificial respiration. Inspiration. 


As soon as this artificial respiration has been started and while it 
is being conducted an assistant should loosen any tight clothing about 
the subject’s neck, chest, or waist. Continue the artificial respiration 
without interruption until natural breathing is restored (if necessary, 
two hours or longer) or until a physician arrives and takes charge. 
If natural breathing stops after having been restored, use artificial 
respiration agai 11 . 



Figure 8.—Schaefer method of artificial respiration. Expiration. 


Do not put any litpiid in the patient’s mouth until he is fully con¬ 
scious. 

Give the patient fresh air, hut kee]) him warm. 

S(‘nd for the mairest doctor as soon as the accidmit is discoveritd. 












COMMON INJURIES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 


31 


SILVESTER METHOD OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION. 

Place the patient on his hack, fold a blanket or coat, and put it 
under his shoulders so as to throw the chest forward. 

Press open his mouth, grasp his tongue, draw it forward, and let 
an assistant hold it or tie it out Avith a gauze handage or a shoestring, 
or tear a handerkerchief into strips and tie them together, thus making 
a string. Place the handage or string over the tongue, draw the ends 
dowji, one on either side of the jaw, crossing them underneath the 
chin, and bring hack one end to each side of the head. Tie the ends 
on top of the head. This action holds the tongue foiward. In an 
emergency, the tongue can he held forward with a safety pin. 

The Bureau of Mines relief kit contains an oral screw with which to 
force open the jaws, a pair of tongue forceps for grasping the tongue 
and drawing it forward, a glass tube in which there is a curved 
needle, and a sterile catgut thread. In case of emergency, the first- 
aid man can run the needle and thread through the tongue and thus 
hold it out. Every first-aid miner is required to carry one of these 
cases at all times. 

After getting the tongue out, kneel by the patient’s head, grasp 
both arms just below the elbows, and draw them upward and back¬ 
ward toward you as far as they will go (fig. 9). This action allows air 
to enter the lungs, producing inspiration. Then raise the arms and 
liring them inward and downward to the chest, appl^dng pressure 
sufficient to expel the air, thus producing expiration (fig. 10). These 
movements should he performed at the rate of 16 to 18 times per 
minute. As soon as signs of life appear the lower limbs should he 
elevated and rubbed vigorously toward the heart. Hot applications 
should he used over the heart if practicable. If there is no sign of 
life, keep up the artificial respiration for at least two hours, as the 
patient may lie hi-eathlng, although not appearing to he doing so. 
Some patients have been revived after several bourn of hard work. 
If the patient regains consciousness and is able to swallow, give hot 
coffee or half teaspoonful doses of aromatic spirits of ammonia and 
treat as in shock. (See ^kShock.”) 

USE OF RESUSCITATION DEVICES. 

Ill all cases of insufficient respiration—that is, when the patient 
breathes regularly hut very slowly—artificial respiration should not 
])e given, either by the Schaefer or the Silvester method, hut, if pos¬ 
sible, nature should he allowed to restore the natural rate of breathing 
unaided. 

The patient may with advantage he allowed to breath pure 
oxygen, which may he supplied from a cylinder containing the gas 
under pressure; a reducing valve to lower the pressure, and a breath¬ 
ing hag with connecting tubes, face mask, and inspiratory and 




82 


FllirfT-AIl) IXS'l KFC'I'IOXS FOR MINKHri 



Figure 9.—Silvester method of artificial respiration. Extending the arms. 












COMMON INJURIES AND THEIR TREATMENT 


33 



55575°—14- -5 


Figure 10.—Silvester method of artificial respiration. Pressing the forearms against the chest. 













34 


FIBST-AII) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


expiratory valves being used. The oxygen may be supplied by an 
oxygen generator; if this be done, no reducing valve will be necessary. 

Various types of mechanical devices for reviving asphyxiated 
persons have been devised and one or two have been widely used. 
Since the first edition of this circular was printed a committee on 
resuscitation from mine gases, appointed at the recommendation of 
the American Medical Association to advise the Bureau of Clines, 
has made a report on the use of such devices. 

This committee has declined to recommend any of the mechanical 
resuscitation devices that it examined, giving the'following reasons: 

1 . Artificial respiration by mechanical devices is seldom practicable 
in mines because these devices are heavy and are rarely available in 
time to make their use effective. If a man’s breathing has stopped, 
a delay of one or two minutes in administering artificial respiration 
is liable to be fatal. For this reason manual methods, such as the 
Schaefer, which can be applied immediately, are preferable to any 
mcx.‘hanical device. 

2 . The lungs of the patient are liable to be injured by the repeated 
suction of air by some types of resuscitation apparatus. 

3. In cases of poisoning by carbon monoxide, a high percentage of 
oxygen in the air inhaled by the victim is more important than the 
extent to which the lungs are filled or emptied by mechanical means. 
Carbon monoxide poisons a man by combining with the red coloring 
matter of his blood and thus preventing the blood from carrying the 
necessary amount of life-giving oxygen to the tissues of his body. A 
victim of carbon-monoxide poisoning can be revived if the carbon 
monoxide that his blood has absorbed can be replaced by oxygen. 
The blood of a living man is never completely saturated with carbon 
monoxide, and a man who has been overcome by breathing carbon 
monoxide can be revived, if he is not too far gone, by causing him to 
breathe pure oxygen. As ordinary air is only about one-fifth oxygen, 
the blood can absorb five times as much oxygen when a man breathes 
pure oxygen as when he breathes ordinary air. For this reason 0 x 3 ^- 
gen, if obtainable, should be given to men overcome by white damp 
or afterdamp. The oxygen should be given in the manner already 
stated; that is, by a breathing bag properly connected to a source of 
supply and a face mask having suitable valves. In case a man can 
not breathe, the Schaefer or Silvester method of artificial respiration 
should be used to cause the oxygen to enter the lungs. 

BANDAGES. 

Bandages are used to keep dressings in place, to retain splints on 
broken limbs, to stop bleeding by pressure, and as slings. The 
kinds of bandages in use are the triangular bandage, the roller bandage, 
and the special bandage of the United States Army. 


BANDAGES. 



THE THIANGITLAK BANDAGE. 



The triangular bandage is particularly useful in general first-aid 
work, as it can be easily made and is not difficult to apply. Tln^ 
material used in making a tri¬ 
angular bandage should be un¬ 
bleached cotton cloth, linen, or 
muslin; some are made of a kind 
of cheesecloth, hut they are too 
soft and are difficult to fold prop¬ 
erly. Bed sheeting or pillow¬ 
cases make good triangular band¬ 


ages. 


Figure 11.—Reef knot, lightened and loosene<l. 


Whatever the cloth used, it 
should be in the form of a 34 to 40 
inch square. Folded diagonally 
from corner to corner it forms a 
triangle, and by cutting across the 
long side or base two triangular 
bandages are made. The angles 
at each end of the liase are called tlie extremities or ends of the tri¬ 
angle, and the angle opposite the base is called its apex or point. 

When a triangular band¬ 
age is loosely rolled to¬ 
gether or folded over and 
over from the apex toward 
the base it is called a 
cravat. The ends of the 
triangular bandage may 
be fastened either by pin¬ 
ning or knotting. For 
pinning, safety pins should 
be used. For knotting, 
the reef or flat knot (fig. 
11) should he used, be¬ 
cause it will not slip and 
it is more easily untied. 

The triangular bandage 
may be used to hold dress¬ 
ings on wounds, to hold 
splints, as a sling, and as 

Figure 12.—Open triangular bandage applied to the head. ^ toUIIUquet. 


APPLICATION OF THE OPEN TRIANOULAR RANDAOE TO THE HEAD. 

In applying the open triangular bandage to the head (fig. 12), 
place the base of the bandage on the forehead, pass tlie ti-iangle over 










80 


FTRST-AI!) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 



tho liojul, and allow tlio a])ox to han<^ down tho back toward tho nock. 
Ch'oss the ends at the hack of the head, bring them around to the 

forehead, and tie; then bring 
the apex up on the hack of the 
head and pin to the bandage 
on top of the head. 


Figure 13.—Cravat bandage applied to the head. 


APPLICATION OF THE CRAVAT HANDAOE 
TO THE HEAD. 

In applying the cravat band¬ 
age to the head (fig. 13), place 
the center of tho bandage on 
the side of the face about in 
lino with the ears. First bring 
one end over the top of the 
head, then pass the other end 
under the chin and up over the 
face, crossing the ends in front 
of tho opposite ear. Then bring 
one of the ends around the 
back of the head and the other 
around the forehead and tie the 
bandage just above the ear at 
the starting point. 

EYE DRESSINGS. 



In dressing the eye, fold the 
triangular bandage into a cra¬ 
vat and place the center of the 
bandage on the injured eye; 
run one end around the side 
of the face and the other around 
the opposite side of the head; 
cross at the back of the neck, 
and return the ends to the front 
again, and tie above the eye 
(fig. 14). 

A good dressing for the eye 
and one that wiW better remain 
in place than the cravat de¬ 
scribed is used as follows: 

Take a piece of 1-inch roller 
bandage about 18 inches long 
and also a cravat bandage. 
Place tlie jiiece of roller bandage over the head, letting one end hang 
down the back of the neck and the other end hane: down over the 


Figure 14.—Cravat bandage applied to the eye. 

method. 











BANDAGES. 


37 


uninjured eye. Then place the center of the cravat on the injured 
eye and run the ends around the head as described in the eye dress¬ 
ing first mentioned. Return the ends and tie above the injured eye. 
Now brmg the two ends of the roller bandage together on top of 
the head and tie (fig. 15). This leaves the well eye uncovered and 
enables the patient to see. 

USE OF TRIANGUL.\R BANDAGE FOR THE 
SHOULDER. 

There arc two methods of ap- 
plymg a triangular bandage to 
the shoulder. 

In the first method (fig. IG) 
the base of the triangle is placed 
on the outer side of the arm near 
the shoulder and the two ends 
carried around the arm and tied. 

The apex is brought up over the 
shoulder. In order to hold it in 
position another cravat bandage 
is ])laced loosely around the neck, 
or an arm sling is used, the apex 
of the first bandage passing under 
the bandage used as the arm 
sling and being pinned in place. 

In the second method (fig. 17) 
the base of the triangle is placed 
on top of the shoulder, the apex 
hans:in<r down over the shoulder 
on the arm, and the ends are 
carried down under the arm, 
crossed, brought back around 
the arm over the apex, and tied. 

The apex is then turned back over 
the knot toward the shoulder 

, . , Figure 15.—Cravat bandage applied to the eye. 

and pinned. second method. 

DRESSING THE ELBOW. 

In dressing the elbow with the triangular bandage (fig. IS), place 
the base of the triangle on the arm below the elbow, the apex jiassuig 
u]) the arm above the elbow. Bring the two ends to the inside 
and cross at the bend of the elbow. Then return the ends around 
the arm, tyhig them on the back of the arm above the elbow and 
over the npex of the bandage. Bring the apex down over the ]ioint 
of the elbow, and pin. 









88 


FIKST-ATl) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


DRESSING THE ARM. 

In (Iressinj,^ the arm, })laco the ai)ex of the triangle on the ui)per 
part of the arm, fold one end in between the bandage and the arm, 
and ^vl’ap the other around the arm as many times as it will go and 
tuck it under or pin it at its termination ^vith a safety pin (fig. 19). 



Figure 1G.— Open triangular bandage applied to the shoulder. First method. The loose 
ends shown in this and other figures are to be tucked in neatly. 


HAND DRESSINGS. 

In dressing the hand with an open triangular bandage (fig. 20), 
place the base of the triangle on the inner side of the wrist. Bring 
the apex down over the palm of the hand and run it around the 
tips of the fingers back over the back of the hand to a point above 
the \vrist. Cross the ends, one on either side of the hand, around the 







39 


BANDAGES. 


forearm and tie on the outer side of the wrist. Bring the apex 
down over the knot, and pin. 

In dressing the hand with a cravat bandage (fig. 21), place the 
centei of the cravat across the palm of the hand, bring one end up 



Figure 17.—Open triangular bandage applied to the shoulder. Second method. 

between the forefinger and the thumb and the other around the 
little-finger side of the hand; then bring the ends up to the back of 
the wrist, cross them, bring them around the wiist, and tie or pin 
them. 




40 


KTHST-All) lXS'l'IUT(rri()NS FOR MINERS. 


BANI)A(1IX(} THE CHEST. 

Ill bandaging the (host (fig. 22), j)la( o the base of the triangle on 
the front of the chest and ])ass the two ends around under the 
arms and tie at the back. Carry the ajiex uj) over the shoulder 
and fasten to the ends. If the a])ex is not long enough to allow fas¬ 
tening, lengthen it by adding to it a ])iece of roller bandage. This dress¬ 
ing can be apjdied to the back by jilacing the base of the triangle at the 
l)a< k and carrying out the method described for dressing the chest. 




Figure 18.—Open triangular bandage applied to Figure 19. Open tri- 

the elbow. angular bandage ap¬ 

plied to the arm. 

BANDAGING THE GROIN. 

In applying the triangular bandage to the groin (fig. 23), place the 
base of the triangle on the outer side of the thigh below the groin, 
carry the two ends around the leg, cross behind, bring back to the 
front of the thigh, and tie. To fasten the apex, which is passed up 
over the groin in front to a level with the navel, place a cravat band¬ 
age around the waist, bring the apex over it, fold it down, and ]u‘n 
it to the body of the tiiangle. 









BANDAGES. 


41 


BANDAGING THE HIP. 

The hip dressing is almost the same as that for the groin. Place 
tlie a])ex of the triangle on the hij) and carry out the method described 
in the groin dressing. To dress the buttock, place the apex of the 
triangle on the buttock and carry out the method described for the 
groin dressing. 

KNEE DRESSING. 

In a})])lying the tiiangidai’ bandage to the knee, ])lace the apex of 
th(' triangle on the leg above the knee, and the base of the triangle 
below the knee. Bring the ends around either side of the leg. cross 



Figure 20.—Open trian.ijular band- Figure 21.-Cravat bandage applied to the hand, 

age applied to the hand. 

them at the back of the knee, pass them around tlie leg to the front, 
and tie aliove tlie knee. Bring the apex down over the knot, and pin. 


CIRCULAR DRESSING OF THE ARM OR LEG WITH THE CRAVAT BANDAGE. 

To ap])ly acravat liandage with the circulai-dressing to tlie legor arm, 
place the center of the(*ravat on the injured part; carry the ends around 
the leg or arm, one on either side, and tie where the bandage started. 

APPLYING CRAVAT BANDAGE TO THE FOOT. 

To apply a ( l avat bandagx^ to the foot, ])lace the center of the 
bandage on tlu' bottom or sole of the foot. Bring the ends up over 














42 


FlliST-All) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINPNIS. 


tiho iiistop and around tho anklo, crossing the instep in front of tlio 
ankle, then around the leg crossing behind the liack of the ankle. 

Bring Ihe ends bac.k to the 
front of the ankle, and tie. 

To apply the open trian¬ 
gular bandage to the foot, 
])lace the base of the tri¬ 
angle on the back of the 
ankle. Bi*ing the ai)ex 
down over the sole of the 
foot, around the toes, back 
over the top of the foot, 
and up the leg to a point 
above the ankle in front. 
Then bring the ends around 
the ankle to the front, and 
tie. Fold the apex down 
over the knot, and ])in. 

APPLYING THE TRIANGULAR BAND¬ 
AGE TO THE ABDOMEN. 

To apply the triangular 
bandage to the abdomen 
(fig. 24), place the apex of 
the triangle high up cn the 
abdomen, with the base just 
above the s c r o t u m and 
crotch. Bun the right ex¬ 
tremity (if applying it to the 
loft side of the abdomen, or 
loft extremity if applying to 
the right side of the abdo¬ 
men) around the body to the 
point of the hip. Take the 
left extremity down around 
the left thigh (if the left side 
is being dressed, or right 
thigh if the right side is be¬ 
ing dressed) and out to join 
the right extremity, aiul tie 
upon the groin. If the ends 
are too short they can be 
lengthened by a piece of 
roller bandage. To hold the 
apex, turn a cravat bandage 
around the body, fold the 
Figure 23 .—Open triangular bandage applied to the groin. apOX underneath it, and pill. 









BAKDAUES. 


43 




BANDAGE FOR THE BODY FROM 
NECK TO WAIST. 


To cover the body from 
neck to waist four trian¬ 
gular bandages are re¬ 
quired. (See fig. 25.) 
Place the base of tlie 
first on the front of the 
body at the waist line, 
bring the apex up over 
the front of the chest to ^ 
the top of the shoulder; 
pass the two ends, one 
on either side, around the 
body under the arms to 
the back, tie one end with 
a slipknot to the other; 
draw the bandage tight, 
bring the long end up tlie 
liack, over the slioulder, - 
and tie to the apex in 
front. If the end is not 
long enough to allow tying 
to tlie apex, tie a piece of 
roller bandage or a hand¬ 
kerchief to it. The second 
triangular bandage is ap¬ 
plied in the same way, ex¬ 
cept that the long end is 
])assed over tlie opposite 
shoulder. Tlie two band¬ 
ages cover the entire chest 
in fi’oiit. Cover the back 
with the third and fourth 
bandages by jilacing the 
liases of the bandages on 
the back at the waist line 
and tying the bandages 
in the nuinner described 
above. 


Figure 24.—Open triangular bandage applied to the abdomen. 


THE KOLLEIJ BAXDAGE. 

The roller bandage is 
made from muslin, tlan- 
nel, gauze, or cheesecloth. 
It varies in length and 
width. It is wound on 
itself to form a tight roll. 


Figure 25.—Four triangular bandages applied to cover the 
body entirely from neck to waist, 








44 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


44io roller baiuhvge is more diHiciilt to ap{4y than is the triangular 
bandage. Never apply a bandage carelessly. A well-applied band¬ 
age is one that is made with the least material, and consequently is the 
least liable to get loose. Avoid useless turns; they are only a waste 
of good material. Apply a bandage firmly and evenly, but not too 




Figure 26.—Starting roller bandage and making reverse turns. 



tightly or too loosely. If the bandage is too tight it makes the 
patient uncomfortable, causing swelling and pain. If -the bandage is 
too loose it slips off. To start a roller bandage, begin at the smaller 
part and work toward the larger part. ^(See fig. 26.) In bandaging 
a leg or arm start at the wrist or ankle and VTap upward. Secure 

the bandage by wrapping 
two circular turns at the 
starting and finishing 
points. 


B.\NDAGK PX)R THE RIGHT SIDE 
OK THE HEAD. 

In applying a roller band¬ 
age to the right side of the 
head (fig. 27), use a roll 5 
yards long and 2 inches 
wide. 

Make two circular turns 
around the head from left 
to right. Press or loop the 
bandage at a point on the 
forehead above the right 
eye. Carry the roll upward 
half the width of the cir- 

Figure 27.—Roller bandage applied to right side of head. , i i 

cular turn and then do\vn- 
ward until it is on a level with the circular turn on the back of the neck. 
Bring the roll around again and at a point above the right eye pin the 
bandage. Make a half turn; carry it still higher on the head; then 
bring the roll down around the back of the head. Pin the bandage, 
make a half turn, and finish with two circular turns around the head. 


















BANDAC.ES. 


45 


HAJJDAOE TO COVER THE ENTIRE HEAD. 

To 1 )iiiulagc tlie entire head, use a i‘oll 5 yards long hy 2^ inches 
^^^de. Begin at tlie forehead. Make two circular turns around 
the head. Pin the bandage in front, just above the nose and be¬ 
tween the eyes; then carry the roll over the head to join the turns 
on the hack of the head. Pin the bandage at this point. Bring the 
roll hack over the head, covering one-half of the first turn. Keep 
going from front to hack and i)ack to front, first on one side and then 
on the other side of the head, until the head is completely covered. 
Finish with two circular turns around the head. 

This bandage is rather difficult for one man to apply unless he pins 
the bandage with each turn at the points where it Is folded in front 
and behind. It is more secure when pinned in that way, but with an 
assistant to hold the folds at the front and liack of the head until the 
head is covered, the ends of the turns can be held in place with the 
final circular turns. 

BANDAGE FOR LEFT EYE. 

To bandage the left eye, use a roll 5 yards long by 2 inches wide. 
Begin above the right ear. Make two complete circular turns around 
the head, from left to right. Then bring the roll well down around the 
back of the head and up over the left ear and cheek, the lower edge 
crossing the bridge of the nose. Complete the turn by bringing the 
roll well up on the right side of the head. Make a second and a tliird 
turn in such a way that each covers one-half the width of the previous 
turn. Complete the bandage wdth two circular turns around the head. 
Pin securely. The tip of the left ear should be left uncovered. 

If the right eye needs bandaging, begin above the left ear and carry 
out the same method as described for the left eye. 

BANDAGE FOR THE SHOULDER. 

To bandage the shoulder, use a roll 8 yards long by 2 inches wide. 
Begin on the outer side of the arm ])elow the shoulder. Make two 
turns around the arm near the armpit. Carry the roll across the 
chest to the other armpit and return across the back to the outer 
side of the arm. Bring the roll around the arm so that it covers the 
u])per half of the first bandage, then carry the bandage around the 
body again and continue in this manner until the whole shoulder is 
covered. Secure the end with a safety ])in. 

BANDAIJE FOR THE ELBOW. 

To bandage the elbow, use a roll 5 yards long by 2 inches wide. 
Begin directly over the point of the elbow. Make two turns around 
the arm, carry the ])andage downward one-half the wddth of the first 
hwo turns, and then around the forearm. Cross at the bend of the 


FIKST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


4 () 


oll)ow and cany the bandage up the arm, covering one-half of the; 
previous turns. Repeat the figure-8 turn two or tliree times (fig. 28). 

Finish the liandage with tw^o circular turns 
around the arm, and pin with a safety pin. 

BANDAGE FOR THE HAND. 

Use a roll G yards long and 2^ inches wide. 
Begin with tw^o turns at the w'rist. Bring the 
roll over the hack of the hand to the outer 
side of the little finger, around the palm of the 
hand, up between the index finger and thuinl) 
across the hack of the hand, and around the 
palm of the hand the second time. Then carry 
the roll over the hack of the hand so as to cover 
one-half of the pre\ious turns. Repeat these 
turns until the hand is covered. Finish the 
handao;e at the wrist. It is necessarv to make 
three or four turns to covin* the entire hand. 

fioure-8 bandage for the upper arm. 



Figure 28.— Roller bandage ap- Use a roll 5 yards loiig by 2^ iiiclies wide, 
plied to elbow. Begin at the elhow\ make two circular turns 

around the arm. Carry the bandage up and around the arm, dowm 
and around it. Thus a figure 8 is made. The lower loop, wiiich is 
the principal one, must he made to lie flat on the arm. The upper 
loop will gape at its lower edge; this gaping is concealed by the lower 
loop of the next figure-8 turn. Several 
of the figure-8 turns are made, each 
overlapping the preceding one by one- 
half the width of the roll until the 
arm is covered (fig. 29). Finish with 
tw'o circular turns around the arm. 

The thigh or leg may he bandaged 
])y the same method. 

spiral reverse bandage for the 

FOREARM. 


Use 


a 


roll 


5 


yards 


inches wide. Begin at 


long 


l)y 2 
the W'rist. 



Make tw^o circular turns around the 
W'rist. Grasp the roll, having not 29 .—Flgure-S bandage applied to 

more than 5 inches unrolled, with upper arm. 

the thumb and fingers of the right hand. Carry the bandage 
obliquely upw'ard across the arm so as to cause its outer sur- 







BANDAGES. 


47 


face to lie flat oii the arm. Place the thumb of the left 
hand (the fingers being on the under side of the arm) on the band¬ 
age to prevent its loosening on making tlie reverse. Loosen the 
gi*asp on the roll, and with the right hand open, turn over, or reverse, 
the bandage. Carry the roll first directly down the arm and then 
obli(|uely to the right, until its lower edge is on a level with the edge 
of the preceding turn. (See fig. 20.) Make the reverse as smooth as 
possible. Pass the roll around the arm and grasp it with the fingers 
of the left hand. Pemove the thumb, draw the bandage as firmly 
as desiied, bring the roll up, pass it to the right hand, and repeat 
the reverse. Continue the reverses until the 
tapering part of the arm is covered, then 
cover the remaining part with circular turns. 

To fasten tire bandage make tliree circular 
turns around the limb, and pin with a safety 
pin (fig. 30). 

BANDAGE FOR THE CHEST OR BACK. 

Use a roll 8 yards long by 3 inches wide. 

Begin well up on the chest and make two or 
three circular turns around tlie body just 
below the armpits. Descend by slow spiral 
turns, covering one-lialf to two-thirds of tlie 
width of the preceding turn, until the waist 
line is reached (fig. 31). Stop the turns at 
the back; pin the bandage and bring the roll 
up over the right shoulder and down to the 
lowest turn in front, where it should be pinned 
and ended. A pin placed in every turn will 
keep the turns from slipping down. 

SPICA BANDAGE FOR THE GROIN. 



To make 


a spica 


a 


bandage for the groin 


(fig. 31), use a roll 8 yards long bv 3 inches I-'igure 30.—spiral reversed bancl- 
. , Oi. ^ XT 1 1 A " X -1 age applied to forearm. 

Wide. Start the liandage on the outer side 

of the tliigh. If tlie right groin is to be bandaged, ir.ake two cir¬ 
cular turns around the right thigh well up toward the crotch. On 
reaching the outside of the thigh carry the roll upward and across 
the Itelly to a point over the left hip joint; then around the back to 
the right hip joint, and down to the circular turns. Bring the roll 
around to the inside of the thigh, crossing the upper circular turn. 
Then pass the roll around to the outside of the thigh, covering one- 


«So called because of its looking somewhat like an ear or .spike of barley. Spica is from a I.atin word 
meaning ear. 






49 , 


FlHMT-Ail) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINEIiS. 


liaK of the previous turn. Make two or more complete tiu-ns around 
the thigh, each parallel to the fu-st turu, and cov(U’iug th(‘ ])r(‘vious 
turns. Secure the end with a safety pin. 

SPICA BANDAGE EOR THE THUMB. I 



In making a spica bandage for the thumb (fig. 31), use a roll 3 
yards long by 1 inch wide. Beginning at the wrist, make two circular 

turns around the wrist, then cany 
the roll downward across the back 
of the hand to the end of the 
thumb. Make a circular and one 
or two spiral turns around the 
end of the thumb. Make a num¬ 
ber of figure-8 turns,, overlapping 
each other by half the width of the 
roll, by passing the roll alternately 
around the thumb and around the 
hand. Do not bring the bandage 
lower than the middle of the 
thumb-nail, and commence the 
figure-8 turns at the end of the 
thuml). In ending the bandage 
make two circular turns around 
the wrist, and pin. 


In making a spiral reverse band¬ 
age for the finger (fig. 31), use a 
roll 2 yards long by 1 inch wide. 
Begin at the wrist. Make two 
circular turns around wrist, tiicn 
bring the roll tightly over the 
back of the hand to the injured 
finger. Make two or three de¬ 
scending spiral turns until the tip 
of the finger is reached, make one 
or two circular turns to fasten 
the bandage, and ascend the finger by spiral reverse turns. Finish 
the bandage by carrying the roll across the back of tlie hand and 
fastening it around the wrist. 


Figure 31.—Roller bandages applied to chest and 
back. Spica bandage applied to the groin. Spiral 
rever.se bandage applied to thumb and to finger. 


SPIRAL REVERSE BANDAGE FOR THE 
FINGER. 




DRESSINGS. 


49 


SPIRAL RANI)A(;K ?'()R the knee. 

1(> b{in(la<^o the knee^ follow the method j^iven for elbow dressing. 
(See fig. 28.) 

SPIRAL RANDAOE FOR THE HEEL. 


lo make a spiral bandage for the heel (fig. 32), use a roll 5 yards 
long by 2J inches wide. Begin on top of the foot. ^lake two 
circular turns around the foot with 


the lower edge of the bandage no 
farther forward than the first joints 
of the toes (fig. 32). Make one or 
two ascending turns until the top 
of the instep is reached. Bring the 
roll directly over the point of the 
heel and return to the instep. Then 
carry the roll down the outer side 
of the foot to the sole, back across 
the inner side (T the heel, and back 
again to the instep. Next carry the 
roll down the inner side of the foot 
around the sole, back across the 
outer side of the heel, and up in 
front of the ankle joint. Make one or two turns around the ankle, 
and tie (>r pin. 



Figure 32.—Spiral bandage applied to heel. 


DRESSINGS. 


WOUND DRESSINGS. 


Never attempt to wash wounds. Leave.this work to the mine 
physician. The danger of infecting a wound by washing unclean 
things into the tissue is too great. Remove the soiled clothing 
from the wound as quickly as possible. Stop the bleeding by some 
one of the methods described under ^Mlemorrhage. ’’ Cover the wound 
with a compress of sterile gauze (fig. 33) and then cover all firmly 
with a bandage. For further instructions see Wounds,’’ page 25. 


DRESSINGS FOR BURNS AND SCALDS. 


Carefully remove the clothing from the burned part. Exclude 
the air as quickl}^ as possible from the burned surface with some 
clean covering. 

There are a number of good coverings for burns, the one most 
generally used b}^ first-aid men is picric-acid gauze. This gauze is 
ordinary sterile gauze which has been saturated with a 1 per cent 
solution of picric acid (one-half teaspoonful of picric acid to 1 pint 
of water). It has this advantage—it is clean and ready for use. 




50 


FIKST-All) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


Moisten the j)icric-acid gauze with clean water and put it over the 
burned surface. Over the gauze place a layer of absorbent cotton, 
then apply a bandage to hold in place. 

Carron od, which is a mixture of equal parts of limewatcr and 
linseed oil, has been used as a dressing for burns, but its use is not 
recommended. The best dressing is picric-acid gauze. 

Vaseline, sweet oil, olive oil, and balsam oil are all good dressings. 
If nothing better is at hand dissolve some bicarbonate of soda in 
sterilized water. Gauze wrung out of this and spread over the burn 
vdll give relief. Remember that severe burns are accompanied by 



I'lGUKK 3 3.—Application of compresses to wounds. 


shock, and always treat a burned patient for shock as well as for 
burns. For further information on this subject see Burns and 
Scalds,’’ page 27, and Shock,” page 24. 

DRESSINGS FOR FRACTURES. 

DRESSING A COMPOUND FRACTURE. 

In compound fractures there is always an open wound tlmough the 
skin and flesh down to the break in the bone; therefore, the clothing 
should bo removed and the wound treated first. If one end of the 
broken bone protrudes through the flesh, it should not bo pulled back 
in place by the first-aid man because it may have come in contact 
with the clothing or become infected in some way, and to pull it back 
would drag the infected part deep down into the wound. 




DHESS1N(JS. 


51 


Splints are used to dress wounds and fractures. The size of a splint 
varies according to the length and thickness of the part to which it 
is to he applied. All splints should he padded with some soft material, 
such as cotton, waste, clothing, etc. 

DRESSING FOR FRACTURE OF THE ARM, 

In treating fractures of the arm (fig. 34) use two short splints, and 
three folded triangular bandages. Place one sphnt on the under¬ 
side of the arm. It should extend from the armpit to the elbow. 



Figure 34.—Dressing for fracture of the arm. 

Place the other splint on the outer side of the arm. It should extend 
from the point of the shoulder to the elbow. After the splints have 
been padded and put into position, place the center of the first folded 
triangular bandage over the splint in the armpit. Carry the ends 
around the arm and cross on top of the outer splint at the point of 
the shoulder. Then pass one end across the back, the other across 
the chest, to the armpit on the opposite side, and tie. Place the center 
of the second triangular bandage on the outer side of the arm. Bring 
the ends around the arm and cross them underneath the arm; then 
carry the ends around the body, one beliind and one in front, and 
tie on the uninjured side of the body. Fold the third triangular 
bandage into a cravat bandage and use as an arm sling. 





52 


FIRST-AID INSTRDCTIOKS FOR MINERS. 


DRESSING FOR FRACTURE OF THE FOREARM. 

In treating a fracture of the forearm (fig. 35), use two splints long 
enough to extend from the hend of the elbow to the tip of the fingers. 
Place one on the inner or palm side of the arm and the other on the 
outer side of the arm. Use three triangular liandages to hold the 
splints in place. Place the center of the first triangular bandage 
folded on the outer splint as close to the elbow as possible, wrap tlie 
ends around the arm two or three times, and tie. Place the second 
triangular bandage folded near the wrist and apply it in the same 
manner. Use the third bandage unfolded for an arm sling. 

DRESSING FOR FRACTURE OF THE JAW. 

To dress a fracture of the lower jaw (fig. 36), use two cravat or 
folded triangular bandages. Place the center of the first folded 



Figure 35.—Dressing for fracture of forearm. 

bandage on the chin just below the underlip; carry the ends around 
the face, one on each side, to the nape of the neck and tie the ends 
in a reef knot. Place the center of the second folded bandage under¬ 
neath the chin, bring the two ends up over the sides of the face, one 
on each side, and tie on top of the head. Take one end from the 
first bandage and one from the second liandage and tie them together 
on the back of the head on a line with the ears (fig. 36.) In applying 
tliis bandage, be sure that the bandage passing under the chin and 
over the head is put on last, so if the patient wants to vomit, this 
bandage can be slipped off the chin and the patient can open his 
mouth slightly, the jaw being kept in place by the other bandage. 

DRESSING FOR FRACTURE OF THE COLLAR BONE. 

In dressing a fracture of the collar bone (fig. 37), use two folded 
triangular bandages and a large compress. Bring the forearm of the 








DRESSINGS. 


53 


injured side across the chest and 
place tlie hand on the shoulder of 
the uninjured side. Put the com¬ 
press as high up as possible under 
the arm on the injured side. Take 
the first folded triangular bandage, 
place the center on the elbow, pass 
one end around the elbow to the 
back of the body and the other 
end around the elbow to the 
front of the body and carry the 
two ends over the uninjured shoul¬ 
der, and tie. Hold the arm up 
in position; place the center of 
the second folded bandage over 
the point of the elbow; carry the 
ends around the body, one be¬ 
hind and one in front, and tie on 
the uninjured side. This holds the 



Figure 36.—Dressing for fracture of jaw. 

arm in place against the body. 



DRESSING FOR FRACTURE OF THE 
THIGH. 

In dressing a fracture of 
the thigh (fig. 38), use one 
long splint, one short splint, 
and eight folded triangular 
bandages. The long splint 
should extend from the 
armpit to a distance of one- 
half inch beyond the foot. 
Tlie short splint should ex¬ 
tend from the crotch to a 
distance of one-half inch 
beyond the foot. Pad the 
splints. Place the long 
sphnt on the outside of 
the leg and the short splint 
on the inside of the leg. 
.Place the first bandage 
around the thigh above the 
point of the fracture and 
tie the knot on the upper 
edge of the outside of the 
long splint. Pass the sec- 

Figure 37.—Dressing for fracture of oollar bone. hailda^e arouild the 

leg just below tlie point of fracture and tie like the first. Pass 











54 KIHST-All) lXSTin"('TI()NS FOH MIXKKS. 

the third bandage around the l(‘g below the knee and tie. ]^ass th(' 
fourth bandage around the leg at the ankle and tie. Pass the fifth 
bandage under the patient’s back close up to the armpits; bring the 
ends around and tie on the upper edge of the outer or long splint. 

Pass the sixth bandage under the 
patient’s back about midway be¬ 
tween the shoulders and the hips; 
bring the ends around and tie in 
the same manner as the fifth. Pass 
the seventh bandage under the pa¬ 
tient’s body at the hips, bring the 
ends around the hips and tie on the 
splint in the same manner as the 
others. Put the eighth bandage 
around the ankle and foot. Place 
the center of the bandage underneath 
the heel, bring the two ends up 
across the ankle, then around the 
foot to the sole and tie. 

All of the bandages on the limbs 
should be tied on the edge of the 
splint so the knots will not press 
against the patient’s body and cause 
discomfort. One or two wraps of 
the bandages should be made around 
the leg to use up the bandage. Never 
place the bandage over the point of 
fracture. It may be necessary to 
change the position of these band¬ 
ages in some cases according to the 
extent of the injury. Short splints 
extending from the center of the 
thigh to 1 inch below the foot may 
be used for fractures of the leg, 
but the patient’s limb will be .held 
more firmly if the long splint is used 
in all fractures of the leg. 

DRESSING FOR FRACTURED RIB. 

If dressing only one rib, one 
folded triangular bandage is enough; 
if two or more ribs are broken, two 
or tlirce folded bandages may be necessary (fig. 39). First locate 
the rib that is fractured. Place the center of the triangular bandage 
over the point of the fracture; carry the ends around the body and tie 
a half knot loosely. Then have the patient expel all the air from 






DKESSINGS. 


55 


his lungs. As ho does so, pull on the two ends to tighten the 
bandage and tie in a reef knot. 

The roller bandage also may be used when dressing fractures of 
ribs. In using the roll, start the bandage 3 or 4 inches below the 
point of fracture. Have the patient expel the air from his lungs. 
Make two circular turns around the chest; then, with spiral turns 
continue the bandage around the chest, each turn covering two-thirds 
the width of the preceding turn, until a point 3 or 4 inches a])ove tlie 
fracture is reached. Pin the bandage securely. 

DRESSING FOR BROKEN BACK. 

In dressing a broken back (lig. 40), use two long splints, two short 
splints, and six folded triangular bandages. The long splints should 
reach from the shoulder to 
the foot, and the short 
splints should 1)0 about 18 
inches long. First bind 
the long splints so to¬ 
gether that there will be 
a 2 or 3 inch space be¬ 
tween them for the back¬ 
bone. This is <lone by 
putting the short splints 
across the long splints one 
at each end, so that one of 
the short splints will come 
under the shoulders and 
the other at the ankles. 

Bind these cross splints 
securely to the long splints 
with folded triangular 
bandages. Pad the long 
splints well. Have six figure 39 .—Dressing for fracture of one or more Ubs. 

men kneel, three on either side of the pateint, and gently lift him at 
the word of command, being careful not to bend the patienPs back. 
Then slip the splints under him and have the men gently lower 
the patient on the splints. After letting the patient down on the 
splints, see that the backbone is in the middle of the space left between 
the long splints. Bind the body with three triangular bandages, 
using the method described in ‘^Dressing for Fracture of the Thigh,'' 
page 53. To bind the limbs at the thigh, slip the bandage underneath 
the splints so that one end is on either side of the body; pull the center 
of the bandage up between the legs; bring one end through the loop 
toward the body ami the other through the loop toward the feet; 
tighten the bandage by pulling the ends, and tie with a reef knot. 







50 


KIKST-AII) INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


Tho second baiulairc on the limbs is placed above the knees, 
third is ])la(‘(‘d around th(^ ankles. 


1lie 


])RKSSIN’(i FUR FI{A(’TIIRK OK KNEKCAI*. 

In dressinjij a fractui’e of the kneecap (hg. 41), use one splint and 
four folded triangular bandages. The splint should (‘xtend from the 













Figure 40.—Dressing for Iiroken back and method of carrjdng injured man. 

middle of the thigh to the heel. Place the sjilint underneath the 
leg and tie a circular bandage ai-ound the thigh over the upper end 
of the splint. Place the center of the second bandage just above 
the knee. Bring the ends down around the leg outside of the splint; 
cross the ends under the knee; (larry them up on either side of the 
leg, and tie just below the kneecap. Place the third bandage 
around the leg and the splint at the ankhc Use tlie fourth bandage 
to tie tlu*! leet together. 







DKESSINtJS. 


57 


CAUTION AS TO URESSINC; ALL FRACTURES. 

In dressing all fractures t)e careful that you do not move the bone 
any more than is necessary to draw the limb into a straight or com¬ 
fortable position. If the fracture is simple, unncM?essary handling 
may convert it into a compound one. If it is a compound fracture, 
the bone may be })ulled back through the flesli and cause serious 
complications, such as blood ])oisoning aud even death. 

THE APPLIC’ATION OF A T()1’KXIQUI:T. 

A tourniquet (fig. 42) is used to stop profuse bleeding from arteries; 
it consists of a straj) to go around the limb, a pad to place on the 
artery, and some means by which the pad may be made to j)ress on 



Figure 41.— Dressing for fracture of kneecap. 

the artery and sto{) the How of blood. Many first-aid cabinets con¬ 
tain the United States Army regulation tourniquet. It consists of 
a strap made of webbing with a Iniclde and a catch on one end. It 
can be used ai*ound a liml) by jiassing the end through the buckle 
and tightening uj), making ju-essure on the whole circumference until 
the bleeding stops. A jiad made of clothing, a lump of coal, a round 
stone, or cork may be placed under the tourniquet over the artery. 
Then the tourniquet is tightened until the bleeding stojis. An im¬ 
provised tourniquet (fig. 43), jierhaps the type most commonly used 
in emei’gency work, may be made of a handkerchief, towel, triangular 
bandage, pair of suspenders, or belt strap. Place and tie the im- 
jirovised tourniquet around the limb; pass a stick through the loop 
and twist until the blood liarely oozes or is stopped. It is desirable 
to always use a pad under the tourniquet and over the artery or vein 






FIKST-AII) IXSTHUCTIOXS FOK MIXERS. 


5S 


wJuMi ])Ossihl(', as cutting ofl' tli(‘ wlioh' circulation by pr(‘ssurc on the 
(‘iitiro circumference is likely to (*ause mortification if the pressurc is 
continued for any length of time. In cases where the tourniquet 

has to be used, get a doctor as 
quickly as possible, for if a tourni¬ 
quet is left on for two or three lioui-s, 
mortification is likely to follow. 
Always apply the tourniciuet as 
near the wound as'jiossible. If th(‘. 
bleeding is from an artery, apply 
just above tJie bleeding point on the 
side toward the heart; if from a 
vein, just below the wound and away 
from the heart, though a tourniquet 



Figure 42 . — United States Army tourniquet 
applied to the arm. 

need rarely be used for venous 
bleeding. 

TRANSPORTATION OF THE 
INJURED. 

After ill'st aid has been ren¬ 
dered to an injured person, the 
injured person usually has to be 
moved from the place where the 
accident occurred. The meth¬ 
ods used in handling and trans¬ 
porting a patient are very im¬ 
portant; bunglesome, clumsy 



Figure 43.—Improvised tourniquet applied to thigh. 


handling may undo all the benefits of the fii-st-aid treatment. 

The method of transportation Avill vary with the character of the 
injury; all serious cases should be carried on a stretcher. Most mines 













TKANSPORTATION OF THE INJURED. 


59 



aro ocjiiippod with rogular strolchers, })ut sometimes it may be neces¬ 
sary to use an improvised stretcher. Impro^dsed stretchers may be 
made by using two mining drills and three or four coats or jumpers; 
pass the drills through the sleeves of the garments and button them 
up, or spread out a piece of brattice cloth the size of a blanket or 
larger. Place a drill on each side of the cloth, and roll the drills in 
the cloth until the unrolled part is about 22 inches wide; tie in three 
or four places along the drills; a blanket may he used in the same 
manner. 

Whenever possible, a mine car should he used in transporting the 
injured out of mines. The 
car should be taken out 
alone and not vdth the 
loaded trip. No matter 
how well trained the men 
may be who have charge 
of the injured, it is impos¬ 
sible to carry an injured 
man along the roadbed in 
a mine vdthout irregular 
stepping and jolting. 

Some of the coal compa¬ 
nies have mot this problem 
of transportation of pa¬ 
tients out of the mines in a 
very efficient way by pro¬ 
viding special ambulance 
tramcars. It is hoped this 
method may soon become 
universal. In liandling an 
injured man with or with¬ 
out stretchers, the bearers 
should move together and 

as gently as possible. Figure44.— Transportation ofthe injured. One-man method. 


^lETIIOl) OF CARRYING A PATIENT BY ONE BEARER. 


When it is necessary for an injured man to be carried by one person 
(fig. 44), the following method is used: 

The patient is turned on his face, and the bearer steps astride his 
body, facing toward the patient’s liead. With the hands under the 
patient’s armpits, the bearer first lifts him to his knees, then, grasp¬ 
ing hands over the patient’s abdomen, lifts him to his feet. Then 
the bearer shifts himself to the front of the patient, thrusts his left 
hand forward between the patient’s legs, seizes the left wrist of the 
patient with Ins right hand, thumb down, and draws the left arm of 









60 


FTRST-AIl) IXST1UT(’TI()NS FOR MINP^RS. 



the patient over liis (the bearer’s) head and down under his (the 
bearer’s) right shoulder. The bearer then stoops and grasps the left 
thigh of the patient with his left arm passed between the legs, his 
left hand seizing the patient’s left wrist. The bearer then with his 
right hand grasps the patient’s right hand and steadies it against 

his side when h(‘ rises. 
This method is com¬ 


fortable for the pa¬ 
tient and is easy for 
the bearer and is par- 
ticularly recom¬ 
mended when the 
patient is not insensi¬ 
ble but is unable to 
render the bearer any 
assistance. 


METHOD ()F (CARRYING 


A PATIENT BY TWO 


BEARERS. 


In the case of two 
bearers (fig. 45), the 
following method is 
used: 

The bearers stand, 
one on each side of the 
patient, about midway 
between the shoulders 
and hips and facing 
toward the feet of the 
patient. At the com¬ 
mand ‘‘Prepare to 
lift,” given by the 
leader (captain), both 
bearers kneel on the 
knee that is nearest 
the patient; grasp pa¬ 
tient under shoulders and lift him to a sitting position, when 
the patient puts his arms around their necks; the right-hand 
bearer grasps with his right hand, under the thighs of the 
})atient, the left wrist and with his left hand the right shoulder 
of his fellow bearer. The left-hand bearer grasps with his 
left hand, under the patient’s thighs, the right wrist and with 


Figure 45.—Transportation of the injured. Two-man method. 







TRANSPORTATION OF THE INJURED. 


61 


his ri^ht hand tlie left shoulder of the right-hand bearer; this 
makes a two-handed seat. At the command “Lift/’ the two hearers 
rise together. 

METHOD OF CARRYINO A PATIENT BY THREE BEARERS. 

"Hie three hearers stand in a row on the injured side of the patient 
and face the patient. Each of the three hearers (fig. 46) kneels on the 
knee nearest the patient’s feet, with the knee that is nearest to the 
patient’s head raised so as to form a kind of bench. Tliey now put 
their hands under the jiatient, and at the command “Lift” gently raise 



Figurk Transportation of the injured. Three-man method. 



and gently turn the patient so as to face against their breast. They 
may walk either by stepping forward or ])y side-stepping. 




tis follows: 

ddiree men assume the jiositions described under method of cany- 
ing ])atient by three bearers, and the fourth stands opposite them. 
The patient is lifted to the knees of the three men; the fourth man 
])laces the stretcher under the patient (fig. 49). Tlie three men lower 
the ])atient to tlie stretcher and carry him as in the stretcher drill. 






62 


FIKST-AII) IXSTHUCTIONS FOK MINFHS. 


STKKT('I1KK DU ILF. 

Tho strotchor squad consists of four men and a captain, d ho cap¬ 
tain gives tho coininand “Fall in/’ at which the four men fall in line 
and count olF from tho right, 1, 2, 3, 4. At tho command “Procure 
stretcher,” No. 3 stops forward and proceeds to got tho stretcher by 
the shortest route, lie grasps the handles in his right hand, jdaces 
them over his right shoulder, and returns to his place in line (fig. 47). 
At tho command “Carry stretcher” (fig. 48), No. 3 drops tho stretcher 
forward; at tho same time No. 2 takes two long paces to the front 



Figure 47.—Stretcher drill showing stretcher squad in line. 


and grasps the handles of the stretcher, as it drops forward, in his left 
hand. No. 1 and No. 4 take their places at the middle of the stretcher 
on either side. Then tho command “Forward march” is given. 

After reatdiing the jiatient. No. 2 and No. 3 open the stretcher and 
lix the bra(*es; No. 1 and No. 4 take their places bt^ide the patient at 
the right and left, No. 4 being on the injured side. At the command 
“Prepare to load stretcher” (fig. 49), No. 2 and No. 3 take their 
places on each side of No. 4 on tho injured side of the patient; each 
kneels on the knee nearest the patient’s feet, places his hands 
under the patient, and at the command “Lift ])atient ” (fig.oO), the 















THAXSPOHTATION OP THE INJURED 


63 

































i)4 


FTHST-AII) IXSTIH’C’TIONS FOJl MINKHS 




Figure 51,—Stretcher drill. “Lift stretcher.” 
























PUBLICATIONS CONSULTED. 


65 


patient is raised to the knees of Nos. 2, 4, and 3, while No. 1 places 
the stretcher under the patient. At the command ‘‘Lower patient/’ 
the patient is gently lowered to the stretcher. At the command 
“Posts to carry stretcher/’ No. 3 takes his place at the rear end 
of the stretcher (the patient is carried on the stretcher feet first— 
the end nearest his feet is the front and the end nearest the head is 
the rear end) and No. 2 at the front end. No. 1 and No. 4 stand 
on either side. At the command “Lift stretcher/’ all stoop, grasp 
the stretcher, and gently rise to an erect position (fig. 51). 

At the command “Forward march,” Nos. 1, 2, and 4 step off on 
their left feet and No. 3 steps off with his right foot. The object of 
this is to break the step and thus lessen the jolting of the patient. 
In marching, when it is necessary to march either to the right or to 
the left, the captain gives the commands “Squad right” or “Squad 
left.” 

On reaching the ambulance, the commands “Squad halt,” “Lower 
stretcher,” “Take posts to load ambulance” are given. The captain 
opens the ambulance door; No. 3 steps forward to the right side of 
the stretcher. No. 2 steps backward to the left side of the stretcher. 
No. 4 steps forward to the left side opposite to No. 3, and No. 1 
steps backward to the right side of the stretcher opposite No. 2, all 
facing each other. At the command “Load ambulance ” all four stoop 
down, and grasp the stretcher with their hands so spread as to support 
the ends and middle of the stretcher. They rise to an erect position 
and side-step to the ambulance. No. 4 and No. 3 place their end on 
the ambulance floor and step to the side while No. 1 and No. 2 push 
the stretcher forward into position in the ambulance. 

If in marching with a loaded stretcher it becomes necessary to 
cross an obstacle, the captain gives the command “Obstacle, march.” 
No. 1 and No. 4 grasp the handles with their right hands. This 
relieves No. 3 so that he can get over the obstacle. No. 3 then faces 
the stretcher and grasps the handles with each hand while No. 1 and 
No. 4 get over the obstacle. After No. 1 and No. 4 have crossed the 
obstacle they relieve No. 3 so that he can turn around; they then 
take their positions at the side of the stretcher, relieving No. 2 
until he can get over. Then they all proceed forward as before. 

PUBLICATIONS CONSULTED. 

In preparing this report the authors have consulted the following 
books: 

Gray, Henry. Anatomy, descriptive and surgical. Revised edition. 1901. 
1,249 pp., illus. Lea Bros. & Co., Philadelphia and New York. 

* Howell, W. H. A textbook of physiology for medical students and physicians. 
1905. 905 pp., illus., plates. W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia and New York. 


FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS. 


G() 

Kirk, Af. S. Handbook of jdiysiology, revised and rewritten by ('. W, (Jreene. 
1910. 761 pp., 507 illus. W. Wood & Co., New York. 

De Costa, J. C. Alodern surgery, general and oi)erative. Revised edition. 1900. 
1117 pp., illiis. W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia and New York. 

AIorkow, A. S. Immediate care of the injured. Revised edition. 1912. 054 ])p. 

W. B. Saunders A Co., Philadelphia and New York. 

Davis, G. G. The i)rinciples and practice of bandaging. 1902. 146 pp., illus. 

P. Blackiston’s Sons A Co., Philadelphia. 

Lynch, Charles. American Red Cross abridged textbook on first aid. 1910. 183 

})])., illus. P. Blackiston’s Sons Co., Philadelphia. 

Warwick, F. J. First aid to the injured; plain and simple rules to be followed in 
cases of accident or emergency as well as in the first stages of illness. 1904. 235 

pp., illus. Penn Publishing Co., Philadelphia. 

PUBLICATIONS ON MINE ACCIDENTS AND METHODS OF MINING. 

Limited editions of the following Bureau of Mines publications are 
temporarily available for free distribution. Requests for all pub¬ 
lications can not be granted, and only one copy of a publication can 
})('- sent free to one person. Applications for copies should be addressed 
to the Director, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. (h 

Bullp^tin 10. The use of ])ermissil)le explosives, by J. J. Rutledge and Clarence 
Hall. 1912. 34 pp., 5 pis,, 4 figs. 

Bulletin 17. A primer on exjdosives for coal miners, by C. E. Alunroe and Clar¬ 
ence Hall. 61 ])p., 10 pis., 12 figs. Reprint of United States Geological Survey 
Bulletin 423, 

Bulletin 20. The explosibility of coal dust, by G. S. Rice, with chai)ters by J. C. 
W, PYazer, Axel Larsen, Frank Haas, and Carl Scholz. 204 pp., 14 ])ls., 28 figs. 
Reprint of United States Geological Survey Bulletin 425. 

Bulletin 42, The sampling and examination of mine gases and natural gas, by 
G. A. Burrell and F. AL Seibert. 1913. 116 pp., 2 pis., 23 figs. 

Bulletin 46. An investigation of explosion-proof motors, by H. H. Clark. 1912. 
44 pp., 6 pis., 14 figs. 

Bulletin 48. The selection of exjilosives used in engineering and mining opera¬ 
tions, by Clarence Hall and S. P, Howell. 1913. 50 pp., 3 pis., 7 figs. 

Bulletin 52. Ignition of mine gases by the filaments of incandescent electric 
lamps, by H. H. Clark and L. C. Ilsley. 1913. 31 i)p., 6 ])ls., 2 figs. 

Bulletin 56. First series of coal-dust ex])losion tests in the experimental mine, by 
G. S. Rice, L. AL Jones, J. K. Clement, and W. L. Egy. 1913. 115 pp., 12 pis., 28 figs. 

Bulletin 60. Hydraulic mine filling; its use in the Pennsylvanb anthracite fields; 
a preliminary report, by Charles Enzian. 1913. 77 pp., 3 pis., 12 figs. 

Bulletin 61. Abstract of current decisions on mines and mining, October, 1912, 
to Alarch, 1913, by J. AV. Thompson. 1913. 82 pp. 

Bulletin 62. National mine-rescue and first-aid conference, Ih'tt^bui^h, Pa., Se])- 
tember 23-26, 1912, by H. AL Wilson. 1913. 74 pp. 

Bulletin 66. Tests of permissible explosives, by Clarence Hall and S. P. Howell 
1913. 313 pp., 1 pi.,6 figs. 

Bulletin 68. Electric switches for use in gaseous mines, by 11. H. Clark and R. 
W, Crocker. 1913. 40 pp., 6 pis. 

Bulletin 69. Coal-mine accidents in the United States and foreign countries, 
compiled by F. AA". Horton. 1913. 102 pp., 3 pis., 40 figs. 

Technical Paper 11 . The use of mice and birds for detecting carbon monoxide 
after mine fires and explosions, by G. A. Burrell. 1912. 15 pp, 


PUBLICATIONS ON MINE ACCIDENTS AND METHODS OF MINING. 67 

Technical Paper 13. Gas analysis as an aid in fighting mine fires, by G. A. Burrell, 
and F. M, Seibert. 1912. 16 pp., 1 fig. 

Technical Paper 14. Apparatus for gas-analysis laboratories at coal mines, by 
G. A, Burrell and M. Seibert. 1913. 24 pp., 7 figs. 

Technical Paper 17. The effect of stemming on the efficiency of explosives, by 
W. O. Snelling and Clarence Hall. 1912. 20 pp., 11 figs. 

Technical Paper ]9. The factor of safety in mine electrical installations, by H, H. 
Clark. 1912. 14 pp. 

Technical Paper 21. The prevention of mine explosions; report and recommenda¬ 
tions, by Victor Watteyne, Carl Meissner, and Arthur Desborough. 12 pp. Reprint 
of United States Geological Survey Bulletin 369. 

Technical Paper 24. Mine fires, a preliminary study, by G. S. Rice. 1912. 51 

pp., 1 fig. 

Technical Paper 29. Training with mine rescue breathing apparatus, by J. W. 
Paul. 1912. 16 pp. 

Technical Paper 30. Mine-accident prevention at Lake Superior iron mines, by 
D. E. Woodbridge. 1913. 38 pp., 9 figs. 

Technic.vl Paper 39. Inflammable gases in mine air, by G. A. Burrell and F. M. 
Seibert. 1913. 24 i)p., 2 figs. 

Technical Paper 40. Metal-mine accidents in the United States during the cal¬ 
endar year 1911, c-ompiled by A. H. Fay, 1913. 54 i)p. 

Technical Paper 44. Safety electric switches for mines, by II. 11. ('lark. 1913. 

8 pp. 

Technical Paper 46. Quarry accidents in the United States during the calendar 
year 1911, compiled by A. H. P"'ay. 1913. 32 pp. 

Technical Paper 47. Portable electric mine lamps, by H. H. (dark. 1913. 13 pp. 

Technical Paper 48. Goal-mine accidents in the United States, 1896-1912, with 
monthly statistics for 1912, compiled by F'. W. Horton. 1913. 74 pp., 10 figs. 

Technical Paper 52. Permissible explosives tested prior to March 1, 1913, by 
Clarence Hall. 1913. 11 pp. 

Technical Paper 56. Notes on the prevention of dust or gas exj)losions in coal 
mines, by G. S. Rice. 1913. 24 pp. 

Technical Paper 58. Action of acid mine water on the insulation of electric con¬ 
ductors, a preliminary report, by H. 11. ('lark and L. C. Ilsley. 1913. 26 pj)., I fig. 

Technical Paper 61. Metal-mine accidents in the United States during the calen¬ 
dar year 1912, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1914. 76 pp., 1 fig. 

Miners’ Circui.ar 3. ('oal-diist explosions, by G. S. Rice. 1911. 22 })p. 

Miners’ Circular 4. The use and care of mine rescue breathing apparatus, by 
.1. W. Paul. 1911. 24 pp., 5 figs. 

Miners’ Circular 5. Electrical accidents in mines; their causes and prevention, 
by 11. H. Clark, V'. D. Roberts, L. C. Ilsley, and H. F. Randolph, 1911. 10 x)p., 

3 j^ls. 

Miners’ (.'ircular 6. Permissible exjilosives tested jirior to .lanuary 1, 1912, and 
jirecautions to be taken in their use, by Clarence Hall. 1912. 20 pp. 

Miners’ Circular 9. Accidents from falls of roof and coal, by G. S. Rice. 1912. 

16 i^i). 

Miners’ Circular 10. Mine fires and how to fight them, by J. M, Paul. 1912. 
14 pp. 

Miners’ Circular 11. Accidents from mine (“ars and locomotives, by L, M. Jones. 

1912. 16 pp. 

Miners’ Circular 12. The use and care of miners’ safety lamiis, by J. . Paul. 

1913. 16 pp., 4 figs. 

Miners’ Circular 15. Rules for mine rescue and first-aid field contests, by J. W. 
Paul. 1913. 12i)p. 

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